Loopholes in Afghanistans War Against Terrorism Agreement free essay sample

A conversation in transit where the Afghanistan government doesn't profit by permitting military assaults and agreeing with the U.S. in the war against fear based oppression. This paper breaks down the Afghans government consent to help out the U.S. government in catching psychological oppressors and layouts a portion of the provisos in this understanding. The author likewise offers proposals for these provisos. 'Above all else, the technique won't speak to the Muslim world. Since the time the start, Ladens objective was to disperse the Western Union. Acknowledging Islamic fundamentalists just as sentimentalist jihads in the Asian locale, Laden saw incredible potential for setting up his control place. Why he picked United States specifically on the grounds that the country speak to Western culture. Its status among exchange networks is exceptionally compelling. Loaded needs to scatter the Western thought that they are more noteworthy then the Muslims. He got himself a partner as Al-Queda, set up by Mullah ?. We will compose a custom exposition test on Provisos in Afghanistans War Against Terrorism Agreement or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page '

Cardiovascular system in our body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cardiovascular framework in our body - Essay Example In this manner, the framework shaped by the heart and vessels in our body is known as the cardiovascular framework. The framework is additionally alluded to as the circulatory framework. For quite a while, individuals have been captivated by the cardiovascular framework. This is likely in light of the fact that; during those occasions individuals generally accepted that life was related with the thumping of the heart. The individuals of the prior periods just used to have a foggy and regular thought, about the cardiovascular framework. Notwithstanding, as time advanced and individuals saw progression in innovation, the genuine reason for this huge framework and its segments was accomplished. Right now, we are learned to comprehend that the cardiovascular framework is basic, in conveying oxygen and sustenance the human body cells. The heart and blood, just as veins, are the central mechanical assembly of this essential framework. In spite of the fact that the cardiovascular framework was secured monstrously, and expounded on, it was not really comprehended. The circulatory framework parts were found, distinguished and recorded prior, before they were even seen how they worked. For example, the early Greek doctors connected the supply routes with air conveying all through the body, and to them nothing else added to this capacity. Unfathomably, this idea was accepted until twelve centuries later, when the veins and courses were related with their primary capacity of shipping the huge body liquid alluded to as blood. Moreover, even as late as the fourth century BC, a period during which a doctor of the hippocratean request, found the heart valves, the genuine understanding of their central capacity would dodge the doctors for another thirteen hundred years, before it was set up (Cobb, P. 1). The reasonable variety between the supply routes and veins was found by Herophilus, who was a Greek doctor, between 335-280 BC. He made the greater part of his disclosures, by leading logical analyzation of a human body, or through an efficient vivisection of living people. After his passing, dismemberment was rendered unlawful, and it took more than eighteen hundred additional years prior to the examinations were later continued. Erasistratus, who was Herophilus’ understudy, found that, when a cut was made on the veins of a living patient, blood would spill. Claudius Galanus in (AD 129 200/217), which was 500 years following the demise of Herophilus, made an understood and particular variety between the venous and the blood vessel framework. He found that the venous framework was liable for moving blood wealthy in sustenance, though the blood vessel framework was worried about moving of the body heat. Further investigations by William Harvey, who had recently portrayed the ve ins’ valves without showing their capacity, drove him to proclaim that the human circulatory framework was his disclosure, in 1628. The slim framework, which interfaces the veins and supply routes, was recognized by Marcello Malpighi, an Italian specialist, thirty years after Harvey’s guarantee. In spite of the fact that, by this period, the circulatory framework had in the end been mapped, legitimate cognizance of the elements of the procedure, were not practiced, until the twentieth century. Considerably later years, for example, prior 1900s, doctors were still progressively clarifying parasites and phlebotomy. Be that as it may, even in the cutting edge time, examines are as yet progressing to comprehend the cardiovascular framework (Cobb, P. 1). The heart is a urgent organ that improves the prosperity of individuals; in this manner involving that it ought to be kept up in

One of the Greatest Concerts Ever :: Music Bands Essays

Perhaps the best show Ever It was a chilly breezy day in late November. The sky was blue, yet the air had a chill to it. It was a run of the mill Colorado fall day. My companions and I remained around daintily ricocheting attempting to keep ourselves warm. It has consistently been our convention to get to a field in any event an hour prior to a show starts and trust that the entryways will open. This day was the same we would not let the climate break our convention. We wound up paying for it in light of the fact that our nose and cheeks started to turn blushing red and our fingers and toes were going numb. At the point when the ways to the field at long last opened we as a whole inhaled a murmur of help and hurried inside to heat up. Inside the field, the fervor of the considerable number of fans could be felt. Individuals were talking about the amount they loved the groups that would perform, and many were astounded to be there in light of the fact that it was their first show. Numerous others additionally appeared to do the â€Å"pre-show ritual† which is seen at numerous shows, and that is getting as much lager in them as could reasonably be expected. Everybody appeared to make some great memories planning for the show ahead. The field was isolated into two distinct areas; the saved seating segment which goes up and down the field and afterward the general confirmation segment which is all along the floor of the field nearest to the stage. My companions and I were on the floor; this is our customary spot and is by all accounts where the entirety of the activity happens. This is the place individuals mosh in the mosh pits and fans can attempt to get as near the phase as could reasonably be expected. Not exclusively is being on the floor the liveliest and most fun spot to be, it is likewise the most risky. Individuals will start moshing and run into the remainder of the group, and numerous battles will break out on the grounds that individuals need to get as near the phase as could be expected under the circumstances. Being a littler young lady is a tremendous hindrance at a show this way. It is extremely simple to get pushed and some of the time it is difficult to see over others since they are taller. My companions and I were as near the phase as we could get and we were making some incredible memories tuning in to the band Trust Company.

The fires of jubilee by Stephen Oates Free Essays

This is a book looks to clarify the resistance of dark slaves in the Southampton city in Virginia. Prior to this insubordination, the slaves had been exposed to destitution and were being treated with a great deal of savagery by their lords. The creator exposes all the sufferings which the blacks were exposed to by their lords and because of these sufferings, there rose a sentiment of sadness among the blacks and this prompted the ascent of a disobedience . We will compose a custom paper test on The flames of celebration by Stephen Oates or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now In battling for the rights that had been denied, the blacks brought the law into their hands and the essayist attempts to make worthy the disturb and distress that prompted these rash measures. In this, the creator means to legitimize the strategy that was taken by the slaves in battling for their privileges. It brings into light the bleeding aftereffects of the insubordination and passing which came thereafter. From the main passage, the student of history Stephen B. Oatesâ â attempts to bring into light the sufferings which the dark slaves were exposed to by their white experts in the Southampton district of Virginia. He unmistakably gives an itemized depiction of the article destitution experienced by the slaves just as remorselessness of their and furthermore the sentiments of sadness felt by the slaves. He obviously makes way for the presentation of the principle character of the book; Nat Turner turns into the root or the pioneer of the disobedience of the slaves. He can show obviously or exhibit the degree of abuse endured by the blacks and proceeds to show how they build up the inclination that they had no other alternative left for them other than to go rogue. All these came about into the ascent of a revolt and obviously the author prevails with regards to establishing the framework just as causing the perusers to comprehend the sort of sufferings that the slaves languished and subsequently the need over the rash estimates taken by the slaves. References 1. William Styronâ (1966) , The Confessions of Nat Turner , (New York: Random House) The most effective method to refer to The flames of celebration by Stephen Oates, Papers

I never want to finish my P.E. requirement

I never want to finish my P.E. requirement PE classes in high school tend to follow one of two models. Either they center around “fitness testing”, like running the mile or doing pushups. Or they resemble my PE class from last year. We usually started out class by “stretching”â€"aka sitting on the floor pointing at your feet, or lying on your back yelling “I really like this stretch!” Then we would do our “daily walk” around the track, followed by a vigorous round of indoor kickball or doing homework. With these experiences in mind, I was pretty psyched to see just how cool the PE offerings at MIT are! A small excerpt from the PE course listing for last quarter. Heres a link to the full course listings for this semester! I mean, tango? Fencing? I don’t need a graduation requirement to convince me to take that! First quarter, I took Women’s Weightlifting. Which was awesome. Before starting the class, I had barely stepped foot in a proper gym. To me, the equipment might as well have been machinery. My primary goal from the class was to learn how to work out in a gym without breaking any fancy machines (or myself)! The course taught me that and more. The first couple classes were spent quickly going over how to use each of the machines and how to perform each exercise. From then on, we dove straight into our workouts. We were given a workout sheet with a set of exercises, a number of reps, and space for us to track our progress. Each class we would run through the workout, which took about 35-40 minutes, and then we were free to leave, which meant I had time to change and get to my next class on time. Coach Martinovich was a great resource. Not only was he on-hand to answer questions about technique or proper use of the equipment, but he also helped us personalize our workouts based on our skill level and preference for certain exercises. Our workout sheet from class. Ultimately, not only did I end up learning how to use the gym, but I got a workout incorporated into my (pretty busy) daily routineâ€"which was more than worth the one-hour block it took out of my schedule. I actually found myself looking forward to weightlifting each day. Going to PE was an excuse to de-stress and take my mind off academics for a little while. Plus, it’s really satisfying noticing that I can lift more weight now than I could when I started the class. Improvement is a great motivator! I think the most rewarding part about my PE class is that I found a form of working out that I can actually tolerate! I’ve tried an impressive variety of sports and workouts without too much success, and had sort of resigned myself to the fact that I just don’t really like exercise. But since taking weightlifting, I’ve continued lifting weights twice a week with a workout buddy from my class (hey Lily!!!). The Z-center, the gym next to the Student Center, is outfitted with not one, but two rooms well-stocked with weight machines, plus a lot of the dorms have their own weight rooms. It’s really satisfying working out, not to mention an awesome habit to get into. The weight room in MacGregor. At this rate I’ll probably be strong enough to lift all my textbooks by the end of the semester! ;D This quarter I’m taking beginner ice skating. The class is as fun as it sounds and it’s really cool picking up a new skill. When I started the class, pretty much the only thing I knew how to do was fall over and gawk at the ice (I’m from SoCal. The only kind of ice we have comes in a citrusy drink.). Now I can do a crossover, turn around, skate backwards, and then fall over! MITs own indoor ice rink. Just a few weeks ago, this entire area was an open event space! (Side note: I’m in the same “beginner” class as Kevin! Who is  NOT a beginner ice skater, and who has been giving me awesome tips about how to do important things like stop and turn around. To be honest, I pretty much learn new techniques by watching how Kevin does them. That just goes to show you that at MIT, your classmates are all so incredibly mind-blowing and talented that you’ll be learning from them as much as from your teachers.) There are so many awesome PE classes on offer, that Im surprised that students need to be incentivized to take them. But indeed, there is a PE requirement instituted as part of the graduation requirements. Students at MIT are required to take four quarters of PE, to be completed during their freshman and sophomore years, on pain of receiving a torrent of emails from the Physical Education department reminding you of your tardiness. Fortunately, PE credit is assigned on a different scale than academic credit, which means that A) you don’t have to worry about maxing out the freshman credit limit because of your archery class but B) you can’t meet the raw unit requirement for your major by taking Zumba. PE classes aren’t time intensive. Most are run for two one-hour blocks each week, with times ranging from 8:00 a.m. (wait, there are people awake at 8:00 a.m.???) to about 6:00 in the evening. So far, I’ve been cramming all my P.E. classes into a one-hour window I have open on Tuesdays and Thursdays. It has been a little tight getting to and from PE to my other classes, and there has been some running across campus involved, but it’s definitely doable. If youre at MIT, I definitely recommend keeping an open mind about PE classes and taking advantage of whats available! My schedule allowing, I’m planning on taking a PE class every quarter. It’s a great way to meet new people and get some exposure to different physical activities. My PE wish list is already long enough to last me through junior year…. Sailing Ballroom dancing Zumba Archery Pistol Sailing Hip Hop Broomball (Like ice hockey, but with brooms, a soft ball, and no skates. Apparently it is impossible to be good at broomball and everyone falls over constantly, which of course means its a lot of fun!) Aikido Self-defense Tango Plus, I have to get my pirate’s license. Because my parents told me when I committed that I wasn’t allowed to go to MIT unless I came home a pirate. Arrrrr!

Brief Laboratory Report About Infection Of An Insect With A Bacterium - 825 Words

Brief Laboratory Report About Infection Of An Insect With A Bacterium (Lab Report Sample) Content: Exercise V: Hematological TechniquesTelan, Jose Angel Jude B 5/28/18 ENT 275-2257821858100Abstract-64770226758500Hemocyte present in the insect hemocoel could be inspected and observed to assess the health of an insect. This is why knowledge regarding hematological techniques are important especially in the field of insect pathology as it could help in diagnosing insect diseases. This experiment aims to get the students familiarized with various hemocyte forms present in the hemolymph of heathy insects using basic hematological techniques. Spodoptera litura larvae were utilized for this experiment. Successful extraction of the hemolymph involved a minor amputation of the prolegs to allow hemolymph to be collected even without using pressure on the microcentrifuge tube. The collected hemolymph samples were diluted, and some were subjected to total hemocyte count using a micrometer and some samples were observed for differential hemocyte count. Total h emocyte count amounted to 2.16x107 while the resulting differential count were as follows: 25% prohemocyte, 31.08% plasmatocyte, 18.92% spherulocyte, 13.51% oenocyte, and 11.49% granulocyte. These data show that students were able to get familiarized in using hematological techniques on a healthy insect specimen.IntroductionSome insect pathogens usually proliferate in the gut and inside the hemocoel, where hemolymph mainly flows. Nutrients present in the gut and hemocoel allow these pathogens to develop and reproduce. (Wei et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2014) Thus, the hemolymph composition of an insect could be observed for indications for certain infections. These indications could aid in diagnosing insect diseases and thus provide information towards the health of the insect specimen (Pandey Tiwari, 2012). In this experiment, students should be familiarized to the different hemocyte forms present in the hemolymph of healthy insects and also should be familiarized to basic hematologi cal techniques for insects.Materials and methodsSpodoptera litura larvae used for this experiment were individuals reared by the UPLB Insectary. These larvae were prepared by immersion in water with the temperature of 55 degrees Celsius for one minute, which was dried on paper towel afterwards. The first part of the experiment involved the total hemocyte count. The first pair of prolegs were cut in order for the hemolymph to drop without pressure. This drop should be collected in a microcentrifuge tube. This hemolymph will be diluted ten-fold in 0.85% saline solution in another microcentrifuge tube then set aside. A Hemocyometer was prepared by cleaning with 70% ethanol. Cover glass was placed on the counting chamber ensuring close contact with the supporting ribs. Using a micropipette, the previously prepared hemolymph was drawn into the space between the cover glass and ruled area of the slide. Avoid any overflows and let the slide stand for one minute. The hemocytes on the four c orner 1mm squares and central ruled area of the slide will be observed and counted under the microscope. The total cell count will be computed using the formula:Average hemocyte count per 1mm square x dilution x 104After cleaning the counting chamber using soap and water then drying, the differential hemocyte count will be performed. Same methods were used to collect the hemolymph from the insect larvae. Ethanol cleaned slide were used to prepare a thin hemolymph film by making a smear using two microscope slides. The hemolymph film was air-dried and was stained by fixing in methanol for 2-5mins, air-dried, then covered with Giemsa stain for 1-2mins, washed with deionized water for 2-4mins, and lastly rinsed with distilled water and air-dried. After the smear preparation, cover slip was placed on the slide and observed under oil immersion objective of the microscope. Hemocyte types were noted during the observation.Results and Discussion239 192 209 261 179 041592500On the differ ential hemocyte count, the percentage of the hemocyte forms are as follows: 25% prohemocyte, 31.08% plasmatocyte, 18.92% spherulocyte, 13.51% oenocyte, and 11.49% granulocyte out0175260Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1a and 1b. Left side photo shows A (prohemocyte), B (plasmatocyte), C (spherulocyte), D (oenocyte), and E (granulocyte) while ...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal Communication in...

Summary: 11 pages. 4 sources. APA format. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal communication in School is an important topic to be learned by human beings. This paper explores various techniques that can be utilized to manage conflict in the workplace. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal Communication in School Introduction â€Å"People cannot live without each other, we are social beings† (Marwijk). Students from different levels and cultures love to hang out with each other thus using different nonverbal communication which may build or break up relationships because of misunderstood actions. Usually body language occurs unconsciously. Yet the body language we use decides to a large extent the quality of our communication. It†¦show more content†¦Research on body language has grown significantly since the 1970’s, but popular media have focused on the over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm-crossing, and leg-crossing, especially after the publication of Julius Fast’s book Body Language. While these nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings and attitudes, research suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously believed. 5. Proxemics People often refer to their need for â€Å"personal space,† which is also an important type of nonverbal communication. The amount of distance we need and the amount of space we perceive as belonging to us is influenced by a number of factors including social norms, situational factors, personality characteristics, and level of familiarity. For example, the amount of personal space needed when having a casual conversation with another person usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. On the other hand, the personal distance needed when speaking to a crowd of people is around 10 to 12 feet. 6. Eye Gaze Looking, staring, and blinking can also be important nonverbal behaviors. When people encounter people or things that they like, the rate of blinking increases and pupils dilate. Looking at another person can indicate a range of emotions, including hostility, interest, and attraction. 7. Haptics Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal behavior. There has been a substantial amount of research on the importance of touchShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analyzing Communication Skills1740 Words   |  7 Pagesverbally and nonverbal by eye to eye contact, gestures, body languages, and posture. Many problems arise because of poor communication among leaders. Self-awareness builds a positive school environment through effective communication skills by sending direct messages, feedback, and what is being communicated nonverbally (Davies, 2001). The four communication skills that will be analyzed are; active listening, assertive communication, rapport communication, and nonverbal communication. The questionsRead MoreBilingual Vs. Bilingual Education1503 Words   |  7 Pagesintimidating; therefore, the advantages of bilingual education most certainly outweigh its disadvantages. Students who learn a foreign language at a young age obtain higher levels of cognitive development at an earlier age. Those who learn different languages show better cognitive flexibility, problem solving and higher order thinking skills. Also, students who are fluent in more than one language usually score better than monolinguals on tests of verbal and nonverbal communications. Two researchers, JudithRead MoreThe Role Of Communicative Intent For Communication Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who struggle with communication every day. A person who cannot effectively communicate is limited in his/her ability to make decisions, to socially interact with others, to express basic wants and needs, and can be isolated from the world in many ways. There is a multiplicity of methods for communication, both verbal and nonverbal. Different types of communication include, but are not limited to, gestures, body language, sign language, picture exchange communication systems (PECS), and a ugmentative-alternativeRead MoreCja 304 Effective Communication Paper1589 Words   |  7 PagesEffective Communication Carolina Fernandez CJA / 304 Interpersonal Communication May 8, 2013 Michael O’Connell, JD Effective Communication Effective communication is essential in any workplace, especially within a criminal justice organization. In this paper, the author will discuss the process of verbal and nonverbal communication and the associated components of each, the differences between listening and hearing in communication, the formal and informal channels of communication in criminalRead MoreMulticulturalism Is Truly A Weapon Ran By Political Aspects Of Multicultural Education1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe main goal for multicultural education is to obtain knowledge and skills needed to communicate and interact with others from different cultures. The purpose if this is to create a better society for moral purposes. However, there are disadvantages and advantages when it comes to multiculturalism. It is important for teachers to do extreme research before teaching their students about different cultures. I recommended for teachers to have a guest speaker from the culture they are currently teachingRead MoreThe Role Of Effective Communication And Interpersonal Communication1608 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication in Health and Social  Ã‚   Introduction  Ã‚   In this assignment the tasks given are to explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal, then a discussion on theories of communication and lastly an assessment of the roles of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care with reference to theories of communication.  Ã‚   Communication is the transfer of information using verbal, nonverbal or written, effective communication is important because withoutRead MoreFormal and Informal Communication2242 Words   |  9 PagesINFORMAL COMMUNICATION Theoretical review 1. What is communication? a. Verbal communication b. Non-verbal communication c. Interpersonal communication d. Organizational communication 2. Types of organizational communication:- a. Formal b. Informal 3. Types of formal communication 4. Types of informal communication 5. Advantages and disadvantages of formal communication 6. Advantages and disadvantagesRead MoreLanguage and Communication1290 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent ways of reaching out to people, whether it is through a gesture or a smile. Communication through speaking is an entirely different aspect and it is one that brings people together and at the same time sets them apart in many ways. Language is one of the most diverse gems in our society and it represents an entire culture. This paper serves the purpose to go in depth about the advantages and disadvantages of being bilingual. It affects everyone, whether or not they know two languages or justRead MoreWhen The Experimenter Records The Response1106 Words   |  5 Pagesvideo-CASI (questions are in video format instead). (151-153) Since many of the modes are related in some form or combination of visual, auditory, and touch, I will judge the benefits and disadvantages on five dimensions: 1) interviewer involvement, 2) respondent interaction, 3) privacy measures, 4) â€Å"channels of communication,† and 5) amount of technological utilization (153). Interviewer Involvement The one distinct form that has no interviewer involvement is mail. Telephone has some involvement, butRead Moreoutline the different forms of verbal and non-verbal communication1332 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages or information; as by speech, visuals, signals, written work or behaviour. It is the meaningful exchange of information between two or more living creatures. Communication requires a sender, a message and a recipient although the receiver does not have to be present or aware of the sender’s intent to communicate at the time of communication thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and

The American and French Revolution Which is More Revolutionary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 612 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? Revolutions have changed the world as we know it today. In order for a revolution to occur, you need to unite a group of people around a common purpose for which you are trying to achieve. Seeing as a revolution is defined as a period or instance of significant change or radical alteration and revolutionary being defined as involving or constituting radical change according to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The American and French Revolution: Which is More Revolutionary" essay for you Create order Ed.), this leads us to ask, what so called revolutions are actually considered to be revolutions? The two revolutions I will be discussing are the American and French revolutions. From this information, I will be providing my opinion on whether the American or French revolution is more revolutionary. To start off, lets discuss the American revolution. This revolution took place between 1765 and 1783. The patriots of America, living in the Thirteen Colonies, fought against the British for their independence. In the end, the colonies gained their independence, signing the Declaration of Independence in 1776 on July 4th, thus serving their political connections to the British. The benefits shown from this revolution were mainly the improvement of property and more equality. For the French revolution, this event took place in 1789 until 1799, lasting 10 years. The people residing in France overthrew the monarchy to take control of the government and abolish monarchy all together. They wanted to establish something other than a monarchy such as the First Republic of France. This republic was established in 1792 on September 22. Later, an emperor named Napoleon Bonaparte established not a revival of the monarchy, instead he established himself as the leader or an authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government. The benefits shown from this revolution was an overthrow of an absolute monarchy, an emergence of the middle class, and rights to vote. There some similarities and dif ferences that Id like to point out between these two wars, there are far more difference than similarities Ill say. The main similarity between these two revolutions were that they both wanted a change from being ruled by an absolute ruler. America was attempting to gain freedom the rules and taxes put on them by Great Britain. Whereas the French wanted an abolishment of the French monarchy and wanted to establish a government in which the people could have more of a say in society. The differences between these two, where that all in all, the American revolution was seen as a more positive revolution while the French revolution was seen as a bad one. It was also seen that the American revolution ultimately never had an aristocracy and never attempted to change the polarization of wealth, while the French revolution was aimed at the universality of its ideals. The French were establishing laws made by citizens for the citizens and not by the king or gods and that those laws where to be applied to all citizens equally. After consulting my two choices, I have deemed that the French revolution is considered to be more revolutionary. Although this revolution was not as organized and far more brutal, this does not change the fact that this revolution provided and encouraged a more radical thought of revolution. When you compare the two, American and French, the American revolution didnt inspire as much of a radical thought of change as the French. You could even go as far as to say that the American revolution was just a secession and not really a revolution seeing as the 13 Colonies wanted to break away from the British rule. The French revolution caused a total upheaval in religion, government, the position and treatment of classes, and more. It was a complete revolution in my opinion, making it more revolutionary.

Americas Foreign Aid Policy Essay - 5410 Words

Its Time for Americas Foreign Aid Policy to Follow Thomas Malthus’ Prescriptions During the late 1700s, Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus each entered their predictions on the future of the world’s economies into the history books. In his writings in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Smith theorized that national economies could be continuously improved by means of the division of labor, efficient production of goods, and international trade. In An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus predicted that the sustainable production of food in relation to population was vital to the mere existence of national economies in order to ensure an able labor force. Smith believed that the success or†¦show more content†¦The outcome of these attempts to bolster development will then be investigated, and finally the writings of Thomas Malthus will be used to provide insight into developing policy prescriptions. Adam Smith, U.S. Foreign Aid Advisor The wealth of a neighboring nation, though dangerous in war and politicks, is certainly advantageous in trade. In a state of hostility it may enable our enemies to maintain fleets and armies superior to our own; but in a state of peace and commerce it must likewise enable them to exchange with us to a greater value, and to afford a better market, either for the immediate produce of our own industry, or for whatever is purchased with that produce. As a rich man is likely to be a better customer to the industrious people in his neighborhood, than a poor, so is likewise a rich nation (Smith, 1776: 494). Throughout The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith contends that in order for a nation to increase its own national wealth, it must engage in trade with its neighbors. As explained in the quote above, wealthy neighboring nations are largely preferred over poorer ones in order to maximize the advantages gained through international exchange. The more money an individual nation has, the more capable they will be of purchasing your goods, and in this way increasing your national wealth. With this wealth, you will beShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Was Marshall Aid Merely a Policy of American Self Interest843 Words   |  4 PagesThe American policy of Marshall Aid sparked both huge appraisal and significant opposition, and to this day it is debated whether it was purely a policy of self-interest and an imposition of America’s political and economic views on a weak and vulnerable Europe, or alternatively one of the greatest acts of altruism and generosity in modern history. It was enormo usly successful, ‘It was the most unambiguously and triumphantly successful of all America’s post-war policies’ , and helped to create aRead MoreAmerican Foreign Policy And Foreign Aid1366 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid America tends to involved herself in many other countries affairs. This creates large amounts of national debt, war, and in some cases enemies. I believe that the American government should leave other counties alone until they decrease nation debt, decrease unemployment rate, and end our current complications with other countries. For those of you who do not know what foreign policy is, it is the way that America’s government interacts with other countriesRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Foreign Aid1625 Words   |  7 Pagesmisperception concerning how much of the federal budget is actually set aside for foreign assistance programs. Only one-half of one percent is actually allocated and spent through the agency, stated J. Brian Atwood, head of USAID, at the International Development Conference on January 1995. In addition, U.S. Foreign Assistance levels are at their lowest levels in over 50 years (Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs, March 6, 1995). The United States should continue providingRead MoreThe First President Of The United States Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pageseasier for immigrants to become citizens. What Thomas Jefferson was trying to do was to improve foreign relationships and establish a foreign policy. It is necessary to do so when creating a new country. Countries need to create a basis of how they will interact with other counties. Years later, however, James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, changed Jefferson’s foreign policy. Instead of being warm and welcoming to new people, Monroe composed the Monroe Doctrine, stating thatRead MoreDifficulties of Trumans Taking the Presidency from Roosevelt1626 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II was nearing its end, leaving Europe in absolute chaos. Truman had to search for ways to aid the country in picking up the pieces from war. Thus, in a foreign and domestic sense, he inherited a country in total turmoil and disorientation. Americans at home still could not feel the devastation caused by the war, which ultimately contributed to the failure of Truman’s domestic policies. Additionally, America seeme d to have no conspicuous allies, especially with the mounting tensions withRead MoreBill Clinton : An Era Of Peace And Happiness955 Words   |  4 Pagesright after Clinton became a president. One of the largest budget deficit in American History. It was over 290 billion in 1992. (http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/bill-clinton) That wasn’t it, low unemployment and declining crime rates in America’s history. During his presidency, 22.5 million new jobs were created and unemployment dropped from 7.5% to 4.0% by end of his second term.( http://clinton.procon.org/). Crime rates have dropped a lot due to the act that Clinton had passed. He signedRead MoreAnti Americanism And The United States Of America846 Words   |  4 Pagesinclude: arrogant, aggressive, too materialistic and ignorant. The United States of America as a nation has went through a very corrupt and disastrous history. However, numerous foreign countries believe most of our turbulent times were co nsequences from our own actions. Mostly dealing with the inconsistent foreign policies set in place by America. What has led to this vague perception of Anti-Americanism? The United States of America proclaims itself to be a very giving and helpful nation. ManyRead MoreUs Foreign Policy Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesWhy is US foreign policy pulled to extreme of either doing too much or nothing at all? The inability of U.S. foreign policy to stay effective is because America has committed itself to supporting alliances that have not proven to be mutually beneficial. Foreign assistance, which is supposed to improve the well-being of recipient countries, goes directly to small coalitions. The United States, with the fear of losing its position on the global stage, has committed itself to the conundrum of regimeRead MoreThe Containment Of The Cold War845 Words   |  4 Pageswere made to U.S. policy abroad, while McCarthyism targeted the Department of State at home. The Containment approach used by President Eisenhower was more effective then President Truman’s approach at containment or at the reconstruction in Europe. Containment was arguably better due to the cost advantages to the United States. Through the use of foreign policy and a system of alliances, America was able to prove it was worthy to place itself as a World super power. U.S. policy abroad changed considerableRead MoreSyrian Civil War Case Study1326 Words   |  6 PagesEastern conflict. Trumps conception of foreign policy in Syria was clear: the era of America as international watchdog, intervening to set wrong aright abroad, was over; it is fruitless to waste time with regime change and nation-building, when America can just take the oil, â€Å"bomb the shit out of† the bad guys, and be done with it. â€Å"The nation-state,† Trump declared, â€Å"remains the true foundation for happiness and harmony.† Trumps initial understanding of foreign policy regarding Syria, therefore, is best

Listening About Electronic Health Records - 1577 Words

The purpose of this paper is to talk about Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Throughout the paper, I will state the EHR mandate, who started it and when, its goals and objectives. I will explain how is the Affordable Care Act (ACA) connected to the EHR. Furthermore, I will describe my facility’s plan and meaningful use. Finally, I will define Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) laws and what is being done by my facility to prevent HIPAA violation. Description of the Electronic Health Record EHRs are computerized versions of patient’s paper charts. EHRs makes the health information about the patient accessible anywhere at any time. EHR holds the pertinent information about a patient’s medical history, medications, immunization record, allergies, radiology and other diagnostic images, and lab results (Health Information Technology (Health IT), 2013). EHR makes patient care safer by bringing together all health records from previous and current doctors, as well as pharmacies and different diagnostic facilities. In 2004, President George W. Bush issued an order for implementation of EHR in hope to help improve the quality and effectiveness of health care in the United States (United States (U.S.) Department of Health Human Services, 2008). The Office of National Coordinator (ONC) for Health IT established Strategic Plan to establish coordinated transition for all Americans to have access to EHR by 2014. The EHR mandate has two goals, and each of theseShow MoreRelatedTeamwork, Collaboration And Informatics For Nursing880 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily, or community, requiring an understanding of what others have to offer. (Giddens Liesveld, 2013). This means that nurses are constantly working as a team to provide the best care for their patients. Working as part of a team may include listening to the client, getting help from another nurse to verify dosage calculations or working alongside the doctor to carefully facilitate their orders. I don’t believe any one nurse would be effective if they were working by themselves. The professionRead MoreEssay on Electronic Communication in Health Care849 Words   |  4 PagesOn February 17, 2009, President Barack Obama signs into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The law promotes electronic health records and infrastructure development to cut costs in health care. While the law does not mandate their use, the fede ral government has set aside twenty billion dollars to help in the development of a strong health information technology infrastructure. Title IV states, â€Å"NO INCENTIVE PAYMENT IF FIRST ADOPTING AFTER 2014† (American Recovery and ReinvestmentRead MoreLack Of Meticulous Documentation And Positive Patient Interactions Deter A Lawsuit Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesIn the medical field there is an â€Å"age old saying, â€Å"if it is not documented in the medical record then it did not happen† the reality is, much happens that does not get documented† (Crozer-Keystone Health System, 2009, Para. 1). The question is, without documentation in the medical record, is the record complete, accurate, and concise? This is the question that everyone is asking in regards to the court system, without documentation is it malpractice or should physicians be able to document whatRead MoreImportance Of Communication In Nursing854 Words   |  4 Pagesalso responsible for u pdating the physician about the condition of their patients as well as nurse to nurse reporting. This communication is a fundamental part of the nursing process and can result in either quality effective care or ineffective care caused by lack of information. Written communication between the doctors, nurses, patients, and patient families can occur in a number of forms whether handwritten nursing notes or electronic medical records. Both forms are permanent legally bindingRead MoreEffective Communication780 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant that the person receiving the information be able to clearly and concisely understand the information from the sender. The most effective and ineffective techniques for sharing information, techniques that can be applied or modified in a health care work environment and ways in which technology may affect these processes will be discussed in this paper. Effective Communication Techniques Effective communication begins with encoding, or being able to clearly and concisely relay the messageRead MoreConfidentiality And Confidentiality Of Confidentiality1632 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In every health care position keeping a patients’ personal information confidential is important in all areas. All health care providers are required to sign forms in an agreement and understanding of the rules and procedures on to protect against disclosing a client’s personal information. While dealing with confidential health informational employers are required to make sure is provide education on the laws and understanding of confidentiality, because the health care environment isRead MoreEmployee Privacy Rights In The Workplace Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pagesthe expanding of new technology, many employees are concern about his or, her privacy in the workplace. Employees have the right to go to work knowing that his or, her employer will not invade their privacy. The rights to privacy in the workplace only provide limited protection for workers against monitoring and breach of confidentiality. The National Work Rights Institute states, under the federal law, the limited protection the Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 provides to employeesRead MoreCommunication And How It Affects Nursing As A Profession1470 Words   |  6 Pagescause hurt or shame to others. When speaking one should consider the other persons views, education level, economic status, age, and culture (Potter, Perry, Stockert, and Hall, 2013). Avoid making generalized statements about someone’s culture or ethnic background, pause and think about your words when speaking with emotion. As a professional, you want to keep the conversation on topic and avoid inappropriate topics. Nonverbal communication is referred to as body language; including facial expressionsRead MoreGovernment Involvement Of Data Protection1944 Words   |  8 Pagesinternet data every day (Parkinson). Having government programs surveilling data, like the two programs the NSA told congress about, can prevent many terrorist attacks from happening as well as threats made on the United States. Although some people argue that it would be a violation of their privacy, the government should have the authority to monitor internet activity and electronic devices, in addition to having access to overseas chat rooms, in order to reduce terrorist threats. There are privacy actsRead MoreCalifornia Hospital Medical Center ( Chmc )1516 Words   |  7 Pages A) California hospital medical center (CHMC) is a member of Dignity health, a California based not-for-profit corporation located in California. Founded in 1986 by the Sisters of Mercy under the name Catholic Healthcare West, Dignity health operates hospitals and ancillary services in seventeen different states and it is the fifth largest health system in the nation. CHMC, is located in the South Park district of downtown Los Angeles. It serves the South Central communities of Los Angeles

Know Your Competitors Free Essays

Know Your Competitor A healthy competition among fellow people is always good for improvement in every field. Especially, a businessman needs to be aware of his competitors and the steps they are taking to draw more and more clients. There are a lot of ways, got with the help of advanced technologies, which can be used for acquiring enough data related to the market: Track the Ad: To track the advertising websites and the keywords used there by the competitors you need monitoring tools like Adbeat, AdGooroo, MixRank, Moat, SocialAdNinJa, WhatRunsWhere – any one of these. We will write a custom essay sample on Know Your Competitors or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the help of Adbeat, you can know about the strategies of the advertisements the competitors are using, many unknown fellow competitors and their advertising agenda. Even there is a 30-day free trial available. While with AdGooroo, the page-ranks and page views are available on a giant Display board. It includes SEM Insight Tool that helps to know the keywords, competitive intelligence, PPC and SEO related information. In MixRank the mixture of ll types ads companies are using are available like display ads, text ads, demographics etc. If you put the speculative competitor’s brand mane in the free search tool of Moat, the search bar will produce some results on your screen showing the top ads they are using recently. Tracing the Keywords: Tracing the keywords is equally necessary to know about the recent trend of the market, what are the keywords that are attracting more page views and what are keeping rage ranks in the static position. For discovering avourable keywords, KeywordSpy, KeywordCompetitor, iSpionage, SEMrush, SpyFu and The Search Monitor are always helpful. All of them are used more or less for the same purpose, but the difference lies in the use of advanced technology. Researching on Backlinks: You can even check the backlinks by pasting the URL links, know about the present and historical records, IPs, top pages, anchor texts etc from Ahrefs, Majestic Site Explorer, and Open Site Explorer etc. Checking Web Ranking: Get a detailed graphic picture of the targeted audience and nteractive clients of your competitor from Alexa, Compete, SimilarWeb which is famous for tracking web traffic along with many other important data. Social Media: It is really tiring and time consuming to go to the same website regularly to know about the competitor’s next step. Google Alert, Social Mention, Talkwater, Topsy and Twitter – there are many options for monitoring the social media spaces of the competitors. Social media is a space with optimized potentiality and from Fan Page Karma, Twitter, How to cite Know Your Competitors, Papers

Air Strike Essay Example For Students

Air Strike Essay History: American:air strike March 04, 1998IRAQ AND THE UNITED STATES In the past seven yearsthere has been a great deal of tension concerning the UnitedStates and Iraq. The United States have been discussingconducting air strikes against Iraq. The 1991 Gulf War maynot have been as successful as believed. The United Statesspent millions of American dollars to support the war effort inthe 1991 Gulf War. Taxpayers money is not the onlyexpendable thing during the 1991 Gulf War. Many UnitedStates Soldiers are now suffering from an unknown Gulf WarIllness that allegedly the government knows nothing about. The United States is also seeking American support in an airstrike in Iraq, but it is evident that the government is lackingthis support. The United States Government needs to realizethat they are killing Iraqis but the moral, economy andpatriotism of the whole country. The United States is sufferingfrom homelessness, poverty and hunger. In many cities in theworld including in Iraq people can be found in famine. However, the United States is spending U.S. tax dollars invain. Many congressmen are also unhappy in with the waythe U.S. tax dollars are being spent. Senator John Warner,Republican Virginia, a senior member of the Senate ArmedServices is very unhappy of the unnecessary spending of theU.S. dollar. Warner stated: Based on briefings tax payershave spent $750 million on the Gulf War effort, (USA TODAY2/27/98). This outrage spending could be used to solve theUnited States economical burdens, and it would be horrible ifthe worlds only remaining superpower uses its awesomemight to slather a stricken little country where hunger is adaily menace. The U.S Patriotic Spirit is at question with theUnited States People. At the end of the 1991 Gulf War thecountry went into a great recession. Many Americans losttheir jobs and homes. Americans according to a recent CNNPoll are not supporting an air strike. The poll stated: 41percent of people favoring an armed strike, with 50 percentopposed and the rest unsure, (Charleston Gazette). After the1991 Gulf War many war veterans have had many medicalproblems. One is known as Gulf War Illness. The UntiedStates Government hid circumstantial information from theU.S. people. A majority of the troops may have been exposedto hazardous particles of uranium from shells and wreckedIraq vehicles. The vast majority of soldiers who had physicalcontact with Iraqi vehicles were on post war missions to clearthe battlefield or to destroy what remained of their equipment. One soldier Victor Suell, a radio operator with the Marineshad one kidney removed from the effects of the uranium. Suellstated: Nobody ever told us to stay away from the vehiclesthat might have been contaminated with depleted uranium,(USA TODAY 3/02/98). The U.S. Government failed to informthe soldiers of the dangers of the shelling. What else is thegovernment failing to bring forward? Is Clinton threatening tohave an air strike to cover up his alleged affair with a formerWhite House Intern? The U.S. has been through many warswith the majority of the public support. The United States isjust coming out of a recession. The United StatesGovernment needs to take care of the Gulf War Veterans andthe homeless on the harsh streets in this country. WORKCITED IRAQ crisis. Charleston Gazette. www.wvgazette.com (Feb 21, 1998). Group warns of newGulf War exposure. USA TODAY. www.usatoday.com(March 2, 1998). Iraq deployment costs top $600million. .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .postImageUrl , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:hover , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:visited , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:active { border:0!important; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:active , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Psychophysics EssayUSA TODAY. www.usatoday.com (Feb 27, 1998). History Essays

OCTAVIA Essay Example For Students

OCTAVIA Essay A monologue from the play by Seneca NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Senecas Tragedy, v. ii. Trans. Frank Justus Miller. New York: G.P. Putnams Sons, 1917. OCTAVIA: Though I should endure what must be borne, neer could my woes be ended, save by gloomy death. With my mother slain, my father by crime snatched from me, robbed of my brother, by wretchedness and grief oerwhelmed, by sorrow crushed, by my husband hated, and set beneath my slave, the sweet light brings no joy to me; for my heart is ever trembling, not with the fear of death, but of crime be crime but lacking to my misfortunes, death will be delight. For tis a punishment far worse than death to look in the tyrants face, all swollen with rage gainst wretched me, to kiss my foe, to fear his very nod, obedience to whom my smarting grief could not endure after my brothers death, most sinfully destroyed, whose throne he usurps, and rejoices in being the worker of a death unspeakable. How oft does my brothers sad shade appear before my eyes when rest has relaxed my body, and sleep weighed down my eyes, weary with weeping. Now with smoking torches he arms his feeble hands, and with d eadly purpose aims at his brothers eyes and face; and now in trembling fright takes refuge in my chamber; his enemy pursues and, een while the lad clings in my embrace, savagely he thrusts his sword through both our bodies. Then trembling and mighty terror banish my slumbers, and bring back to my wretched heart its grief and fear. Add to all this the proud concubine, bedecked with our houses spoil, as gift for whom the son set his own mother on the Stygian bark; and, when she had oercome dread shipwreck and the sea, himself more pitiless than oceans waves, slew her with the sword. What hope of safety, after crimes so great, have I? My victorious foe threatens my chamber, blazes with hate of me, and, as the reward of her adultery, demands of my husband his lawful consorts head. Arise thou, my father, from the shades and bring help to thy daughter who calls on thee; or else, rending the earth, lay bare the Stygian abyss, that I may plunge thither headlong.

How to Make Use of High Quality, Free Essay Help Online

How to Make Use of High Quality, Free Essay Help OnlineIt is normal for anyone who is aspiring to make the grade in school to have one or two sample essays, and this is doubly true when it comes to writing sample essay help. Sample essays are an essential part of a student's education and preparation for their college entrance exam. Students have many reasons for taking extra classes and completing extra assignments, and one reason often cited is the need for writing sample essay help. In today's economy, many of those high school students have nothing better to do than find extra money, so they will go to the library and peruse the stacks.Some may want to study for a specific topic, such as math or history, while others want to practice for a general essay. Many schools have special courses in preparation for the SAT or ACT and they do offer assistance with writing samples. The library is a great place to start your search for help with essay samples.There are many different types o f sample essays, but many are from different areas of study, including business, physics, English, psychology, anthropology, history, and other more specific subjects. If you are looking for essay help with a general topic, you will likely be able to find it at any public library in the country. Whether you are just beginning to learn about a certain subject or you are very familiar with the subject, you will find help with essay samples to help you write that well-written thesis, research paper, or dissertation.While the problem of having too many books can make a person feel overwhelmed, the libraries of course offer many helpful resources to people who are looking for help with essay samples. Whether you are doing your research on a specific topic or a more general area of study, there is sure to be something you will find to help you with your essay writing. The only drawback is that you cannot take them home to read. For a free quote, look online.Sample essays for many subjects have detailed instructions, suggestions, and methods for accomplishing the task. This can be a great place to begin. An important part of writing an essay is preparation, so this is a great place to start. You can always go back to the tips and techniques and work on them until you are completely comfortable with the topic and material.When students get started, they will be surprised to find that there are many ways to write an essay, but it all starts with a big step in the right direction. The first step is to research and prepare, so it is advisable to begin your research now. If you wish to study at the library, then you can do so. A good rule of thumb is to begin as soon as possible.Many professors recommend that students study their assigned sample essay first. If you know nothing about the topic, this will give you a great place to start. You will get a feel for what works and what does not. When you decide which method to use, you will know whether this is a workable metho d for you or not.Many students have learned that finding the online essay help is easier than they thought and the internet has many different essay examples for any type of subject you can think of. With a little effort, you will be able to find the right method for you.

Decriminalizing Homosexuality Essay Example

Decriminalizing Homosexuality Essay Legalizing Homosexuality The universe tends to travel on a fling when something Wyrd or unnatural surfaces and everyone wants to give their sentiment about it. Such a thing which sparks the wonder of every possible sort of individual be it a hater or a protagonist, is the subject of homosexualism. News points of all manners went into a whirlwind with some USA provinces legalising homosexual matrimonies and followed with many a figure of treatments from all over the universe which would non hold surfaced elsewise. However, a fact people seem to be losing out on is the imposed condemnable nature of this so called abnormalcy which is still a widespread impression. It is interesting how some states are forcing toward approving same sex matrimonies while others are drawing the Torahs rearward and portraying that being a portion of the Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender ( LGBT ) community is the ultimate offense. In a societal context where favoritism of all kinds is prohibited by the alleged cosmopolitan declar ations, criminalizing homosexualism is hypocritical. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) , which each member of this organisation is obliged to adhere to, proudly states in Article 9 of their charter, All human existences are born free and equal in self-respect and rights†¦ However the member states seem to hold wholly forgotten or ignored the fact that the LGBT community excessively consists of fellow worlds. I can truly state that the LGBT community is non surely equal in self-respect and rights and though they might hold been born free they are decidedly non populating free for they are identified as felons. Therefore criminalizing homosexualism is wrong because it validates that homosexualism is incorrect, it makes the LGBT community vulnerable to all sorts of maltreatment and all these add up to the misdemeanor of human rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Decriminalizing Homosexuality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Decriminalizing Homosexuality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Decriminalizing Homosexuality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Criminalizing homosexualism adds the strongest point to those who strive to turn out that being a portion of the fagot community is incorrect. The mere being of the LGBT community is considered a menace to the society which compels 76 states to criminalize private, consensual same-sex relationships and for 5 states to enforce the decease punishment on same-sex sexual activities ( Speak up parity. 1 ) . In its simplest sense, a certain sort of love which people believe to be unnatural and improper is considered a offense doing anyone who engages in it a condemnable and therefore undertakings it as something illegal. Imagine holding to populate with the feeling of being a condemnable your whole life, seeking to hedge the jurisprudence merely for the interest of protecting you and your loved one and maintaining out of the dark cells of imprisonment. That is merely the tip of the iceberg of the issues faced by homosexual people in a society where they are evildoers no affair how much goo d they do. The United Nations Human Rights Council passed a declaration in support of homosexual rights in June 2011 ( UN passes ; UN Human ) . Even though it is non straight related to decriminalisation of homosexualism, there are important remarks made on the juncture which reflect on the deficiency of execution of this legalisation under the premises or more accurately biass, that the subject itself is unethical. The Nigerian delegate to the Council, Mr. Ositadinma Anaedu expressed his position on the affair with, We are covering with a affair that falls outside of human rights ( UN passes parity. 4 ; UN Human parity. 6 ) . The resolution’s focal point was to stop favoritism and force based on sexual orientation and gender individuality ( UN passes parity. 2 ; UN Human parity. 4 ) and clearly these constructs revolve around human existences. Yet, harmonizing to Mr. Anaedu it is non even worthy of inclusion in a treatment of human rights . To set frosting on the bar, good more like a dollop of rancid pick, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation takes these claims a small farther. Their representative, Pakistani Shafqat Ali Khan commented We are earnestly concerned at the effort to present to the United Nations some impressions that have no legal foundation in any international human rights instrument. ( UN passes para.4 ; UN Human parity. 7 ) . Not merely are they intent on labelling the LGBT community as felons, they seem to be holding no reserves about doing them seem cold or in a petroleum sense, animate beings. This unhealthy attitude shared by many and sometimes even led by people of authorization as in this instance, demo how the condemnable nature of being homosexual solidifies the misconception that it is incorrect. Simultaneously, the LGBT community becomes vulnerable to all sorts of maltreatment due to the criminalizing of homosexualism. Sri Lanka’s penal codification has been explicit to the best of their capacity when it states the condemnable nature of Whoever voluntarily has animal intercourse against the order of nature†¦. to be sentenced with imprisonment of up to 10 old ages ( Penal Code pg. 389E ) . Despite the being of such a condemnable charge, homosexualism being criminalized may sound foreigner to the general multitudes, but the illegality of belonging to the LGBT community is prevailing however due to the implied nature of the country’s condemnable Torahs. A 39 twelvemonth old Lesbian named Roshmi portions her acrimonious experience with Women’s Support Group which supports and advocates LBT individuals in Sri Lanka. In the Group’s article Not Gon na Take It Liing Down’ she states My partner’s household forcibly tried to give her pill s and medical specialty to bring around her. They tried really difficult to alter her into a heterosexual Twice she was subjected to electro-shock therapy. ( pg. 1 ) . These inhumane actions are non merely signifiers of maltreatment, it is force. The victim has been subjected to physical and emotional force when her family’ idea to change’ her gender. As Equal Ground, a non-profit organisation in the state working toward accomplishing equal rights for the LGBT community in Sri Lanka puts it, by neglecting to support the LGBT community from favoritism, hate offenses, and forced matrimonies the state has violated the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( Human pg. 1 ; ICCPR ) . A state which is a treaty member to any sort of international pact is to the full cognizant of the fact that, one time it has signed, ratified and accessed a pact, it can non go against the content without being reprimanded by the international community. However, as homosexualism is criminalized in Sri Lanka, it provides a big loophole through which the unfairness toward the LGBT community is made possible. Although the human rights misdemeanors of the LGBT community done by the governments do non come up unless dug deeper, the common use of highly coarse and violative names to place members of the queer community which one can hear, besides stems from the freedom bestowed by the criminalisation of homosexualism. It is rather dry in the sense that, where the fagot community is concerned the maltreaters are guiltless while the victims are the felons. Further, criminalizing homosexualism paves the manner to the misdemeanor of human rights. Lauren Cole Parke who is the LGBTQ Rights Researcher for Political Research Associates based in USA, brings to illume how the constabulary do non necessitate a valid ground to aim members of the LGBT community. She presents the mode in which Monica Jones, a transgender adult female was arrested in Phoenix, Arizona for walking while trans ( From para.2 ) . In its basic sense, it is a condemnable offense for a member of the fagot community to travel freely within the society. This fact is mentioned in Amnesty International’s study on the affair as Transgender adult females are made vulnerable to be taken into detention by the constabulary, who sees them as cocottes due to the policemen’s ain personal and colored sentiments ( Stonewalled pg. 16 parity. 2 ) . However, the turn in this claim is non the mere thought of subjective and prejudiced perceptions which is inevitable until the u niverse wholly sheds away its homophobia, but the fact that criminalizing of homosexualism has given the constabulary a green visible radiation to transport out these hideous apprehensions which violate Article 9 of the UDHR, No one shall be subjected to arbitrary apprehension, detainment or exile. The declaration might tout about everyone having the same set of human rights but it will decidedly be forced into silence on this juncture when the unfairness is go oning in wide daytime. One might reason that criminalisation and human rights misdemeanor do non stand on the same grade but disappointingly with respect to the fagot community, one factor finally leads to the other. This bad luck is hypocritical because, even the liquidators who are given the decease punishment are now being granted their right to life, but the LGBT community in malice of being non even remotely comparable to the existent felons, is non even granted their basic rights as worlds. Legalizing homosexualism could be the first measure in a wide sense, which will take to non-discrimination and further, credence of the LGBT community in the universe in clip to come. Nevertheless, the air currents of alteration have non been able to wholly blow over the legal barrier which hovers above the fagots with a large streamer exposing the word criminals’ , yet. What each and every individual should understand is that no affair what faith you believe or how prejudiced you are, a individual loving another individual of the same sex is non a crime’ . One does non necessitate criminology to specify this crime’ , because within this societal justness issue the crooked position one has will ever comprehend a deformed and bleary image of homosexualism. However, holding said that, if provinces make a echt attempt to legalize homosexualism, it could rectify the visions of the cross-eyed and take the ticket, criminals’ . What the universe needs is non anot her justification that homosexualism is incorrect, but a different manner of looking at it and thereby forestalling the maltreatment of people belonging to the LGBT community. It will besides in bend guarantee that the LGBT community are treated as equal human existences with equal human rights. This entreaty, necessity and demand to legalize homosexualism is in the hopes of doing an environment where the LGBT community is able to populate freely as worlds whose human rights are non violated. Plants Cited Amnesty International USA. Stonewalled: Police Abuse and Misconduct against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People in the U.S. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.streetwiseandsafe.org/ wpcontent/uploads/2011/01/StonewalledAI.pdf A ; gt ; 2005. Web. 5 June 2014 Equal Ground. Human Rights Violations against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People in Sri Lanka: A Shadow Report A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/ Shared % 20Documents/ LKA/INT_CCPR_ICO_LKA_15986_E.pdf A ; gt ; Dec. 2013. Web. 3 June 2014. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.United Nations Human Rights.International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ohchr.org/en/ professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx A ; gt ; Web. 4 June 2014 A ; gt ; Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.United Nations Human Rights. Speak up Stop Discrimination A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ohchr.org/en/issues/discrimination/pages/lgbt.aspx A ; gt ; Web. 4 June 2014. Parke, Cole.Political Research Associates. From Phoenix to Geneva, Criminalizing Queer Is More than Merely a Gay Thing A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.politicalresearch.org/2014/05/16/from-phoenix-to-geneva-criminalizing-queer-is-more-than-just-a-gay-thing/ A ; gt ; 16 May 2014. Web. 5 June. 2014 Penal Code. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/srilanka/statutes/Penal_Code.pdf A ; gt ; Web. 3 June 2014. United Nations.Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ # atop A ; gt ; Web. 1 June 2014. Wikinews. UN Passes LGBT Rights Resolution A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikinews.org/wiki/ UN_passes_LGBT_rights_resolution A ; gt ; 18 June 2011 Web. 4 June 2014. Women’s Support Group.Womans and Media Collective. Not Gon na Take It Lying Down A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //womenandmedia.org/not- gon na -take-it-lying-down/ A ; gt ; 18 Sept. 2010. Web. 3 June 2014. Zuvela, Matt.Deutsche Welle. UN Human Rights Council Passes Gay Rights Resolution A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dw.de/un-human-rights-council-passes-gay-rights-resolution/a-15170305 A ; gt ; 17 June. 2011. Web. 4 June 2014.

Famous People and Privacy Essays

Famous People and Privacy Essays Famous People and Privacy Essay Famous People and Privacy Essay Do you agree news are sensationalized in tabloids? I dont agree that news are sensationalized in tabloids for two reasons. A. Journalists are breaking the ethical values and the mission of their profession. 1. The size of the audience is relevant. 2. Lack of objectivity in allegations B. Besides, sensationalism affects everyone involved. 1. Speculations about you and your relatives lives. 2. Hounded by media in every action.In conclussion, its evident that sensationalism has become deeply entrenched in the media and journalists are paying by sacrificing their ethics exposing people and relatives lives. Do you agree news is sensationalized in tabloids? Tabloids can be defined as a type of newspaper with a simple style, many photographs and emphasis on sensational stories. To increase the attraction of newspapers headlines, publishers allow showing sensationalist news. For them, the effects of it seem to be positive, however, these are producing a negative impact on society.So I don? t agree that news are sensationalized for two reasons. In first place, journalists are breaking the ethical values and the mission of their profession. For them, the size of the audience is relevant, because the in tabloids are very competitive. In fact, it’s part of journalists’ strategy for catching the attention of most readers. Unfortunately, to achieve they is a lack of objectivity in the allegations that not bring correct information. For instance, when the new of RNH1 flu appeared, tabloids published exaggerate number of deaths.Obviously, parents were too worried about that they didn’t send their children to school for many days. Besides, sensationalism affects everyone involved in, even your relatives. This is the case of Jean Paul Santamaria and Angie Jibaja. They were a famous couple, but since he was besieged by paparazzi when they go out with another woman, this love story turned into a storm for them. Jibaja felt mortified, because of sensationalism her grandfather got involved in, too. So Jean Paul had a public discussion with him and obviously Jibaja’s family was full of shame about it.Even due they broke up, everybody is still speculating about their lives and hounded by the media in every action. In conclusion, in today’s society is under scrutiny and is losing its credibility. It is evident that sensationalism has become deeply entrenched in the media. In turn, readers are paying a high price through their loss of credible sources of information. Furthermore, journalists are paying by sacrificing their ethics in order to earn money. A-07W GROUP WORK 03 OUTLINEAugust 2013 Numbers and names:19 Ingrid Serrano 20 Richard SiapoLaughing helps people who suffer from depression or sadness? Laugher helps people to cure depression and sadness in many ways. A. Laugher cheers up people. 1) Liberate a substance called dopamine that makes you happier. 2) Produce a welfare sensation. B. Laugher makes people forget their pro blems. 1) Makes people come back to their past emotional states C. Laughter raises self-esteem 1) Makes you see the positive not the negative 2) Gives more receptivity. In conclusion, laughter offers multiple contributions to deal with depression or sadness.Laughing helps people who suffer from depression or sadness? Laugher helps people to cure depression and sadness in many ways. California University has recently discovered about a small zone in the brain which is capable of making the most serious man laugh and also, that 5 minutes laughing equals 45 minutes exercising slowly. Discoveries like this lead us to reckon about the fact that laughter can actually be more relevant than it is thought. In fact, the humor therapy, as it is called, offers many psychological and even physical benefits to the body.This therapy has been developed with more emphasis over the past years. Simply as it sounds: Laughter helps people to get over depression and sadness in many ways. For instance, it cheers people up, it makes people forget their problems even just for a while, and last and arguably more important, laughter raises self-esteem. Actually, its obvious that laughter cheers up people, since the big smile in the face of someone laughing can tell us that, however, thats only what we can see.How about what cant see? It should be known that a real laugh liberates a substance called dopamine which makes people happier. Happiness is a relative concept, what is enough for some, is not for others, nevertheless, this happiness created by dopamine produces a welfare sensation which contributes to getting over bad moods. As laughter makes people happier, it lets people hide problems from their mind for a moment. As people come back, while laughing, to some emotional states felt in the past.Problems carries stress, and by forgetting about it, its easier to cure depression. The author of Anatomy of Melancholy, Robert Burton, said, Jolly company should not separate from music, bo th are necessary: happiness makes life larger, gives youth and life to the body. Going crazy isnt bad. So go party often and have happy friends whose jokes can make you happier. This kind of things would take people to live better and happy, to see the positive things in life, why would anybody choose negativity over them?This occurs mainly because laughter raises self-esteem. Its not surprise that it gives more receptivity too, since more self-esteem would makes people more comfortable with themselves. In conclusion, laughter offers many contributions to deal with depression and sadness. There are lots of ways to get to them and their results, some of them are happiness, confidence and self-esteem, here isnt even mentioned the physicals advantages, but as studies show, there is room to grow in the humor therapy.

The case of Mrs. Mendez Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The case of Mrs. Mendez - Essay Example Mendez’s case. Her physical condition is deteriorating, which affects her psychologically. Her children will not let her talk about her impending death, which creates an imbalance in her psychological condition and she copes with this by withdrawing. Drake (2012) presents an adaptation model to understand how cancer patients should be taken care of as they are going through the process of living and dying. Some of the things that would be important to know, according to this scale include in this model are: why her shortness of breath is affecting her intake of fluids and food. Her physical appearance may be important to her as she lays in her bed, is better, which can effect QOL for many patients. There is no mention of church for her, though she â€Å"seems† to be religious, or at least superstitious. This should be explored. Drake (2012) states that nurses must understand early whether their patients are feeling depressed and help them receive treatment for it. Palli ative care will need to be discussed and end of life arrangements. 1. Discuss how a nurse can foster hope in this scenario? When and how can the concepts of palliative care be introduced in the scenario? How can you explain the differences between Palliative care and Hospice care? Fostering hope can be difficult in a situation with the Mendez family, because they are not willing to talk about the impending death of their mother. They are also not open to helping her prepare for death. Butt (2011) states that hope is a multidimensional and it changes as the terminally ill patient continues through their illness. Butt (2011) also states that hope is a factor that creates a better quality of life for the individual. In this situation, more has to be known about the family. Mrs. Mendez seems to be losing hope because the family cannot talk about the impending death. It is important to help the patient feel hopeful, despite what is happening, because it keeps them from being depressed or feeling despair (Turco, 1998). A nurse can foster hope by maintaining a positive relationship with the patient, helping the patient see humor whenever they can, touching the patient appropriately and reassuring them, and helping them control pain (Turco, 1998). In the Mendez family, the nurse can foster hope by providing good care for Mrs. Mendez, which includes making sure that she is comfortable as her pain increases. The nurse may also need to intervene for Mrs. Mendez by contacting the primary care physician and describing the situation as it stands now. According to Tyson (2001) the Hippocratic Oath states that the individual healthcare provider will consult with others who are more expert in situations when necessary, to help their clients. In this situation, Mrs. Mendez needs help from the nurse to create the resources needed for the family to thrive, and for Mrs. Mendez to have the quality of life that she needs as she moves toward death. Palliative care was important to ta lk about as soon as Mrs. Mendez refused chemotherapy. She and her family must understand Mrs. Mendez’s needs as her health decreases. The family must face the inevitable and they may need to see a therapist or a priest or minister to deal with the situation. In a study done by Hermann and Looney (2011), the authors found that patients need a thorough understanding of their symptoms and what to expect as becomes more debilitating.

W8last Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W8last - Essay Example In this stage, the organization’s management highlights any evidence that there is an interconnection between leadership development and performance of the organization, as well as the skills and competences needed to accomplish the organization’s leadership goals (Reynolds, 2000). If leadership development does not match the organizational goals, it may not be useful for the organization. The second step is usually awareness creation concerning the characteristics that the organization is likely to achieve through the application of various tools for diagnosis. The diagnostic tools are supposed to match the organization’s leadership needs. The tools are also supposed to be connected to a particular competency model or an approved structure that corresponds to the nature of a triumphant leader in the organization. The third step is to activate the leadership development in individuals through connecting the awareness of development needs to the personal career goals with the organization’s strategic goals. The result is a concise and intended development plan that matches the individual needs as well as the organization’s strategic objectives. It provides a basis for leadership development. It is also important to empower the leaders through training and development to increase their capacity to perform in leadership roles. The leaders are then gi ven the opportunity to apply the skills acquired, which according to Sosik (2000) allows value creation in the individual’s abilities. These criteria are important since they allow an effective cost benefit analysis that allows the evaluation of the need to invest in leadership development. The organization is able to identify some tangible benefits of the leadership development programs. 2- Take your organization as the example. What leadership model is the most appropriate for your organization, and what are some of the advantages and

Strategies for Effective Learning in the TESL Classroom

Strategies for Effective Learning in the TESL Classroom CHAPTER ONE:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   INTRODUCTION In Malaysian classroom, a teacher had a solid control in the classroom, the interaction pattern where the teacher selects a student to answer her questions is observed by Samuel (1982) in his study in a Malaysian school. This pattern occurred particularly when the teacher employed the questioning strategy during the course of teaching. After answering the teachers question, the student gave the turn back to the teacher (Samuel, 1982, p. 129). Hence if the teacher chooses this pattern of interaction, participation of students will be highly controlled by him or her. When having teachers in monologic interaction, the class instructional practices will be on structured, discipline but it kills the desire to learn from the child instinct and at the same time does not arouse the critical and the creativity of a child. And this is totally different from the knowledge of the policy because in Malaysia Education Policy, it is stated that a teachers jobs is to nurture the childs critical and creative thinking. When a lesson that is supposed to practice on communicative language teaching ends with the teacher instructing and being authoritative in the class, it kills the desire to learn. In his findings, Ruzlan (2007) further found that all the questions posed by the teachers were the closed-ended in nature, where the children were anticipated to arrive at certain answers expected by the teachers only. At the same time, it was found that the majority of questions set by EFL and Science as content taught in English classes were low level and factual, and not designed to encourage critical thinking on the part of learners. Again, there was a mismatch between what is stipulated by the national curriculum and how teachers actually teach in terms of posing questions. While national policy stipulates helping learners become critical thinkers, teachers seems concern with others, short term goal. For instance teachers belief about their students academic needs and what they should do is tailoring their questions to align with examination purposes at a low level factual category (Habsah Hussin, 2006). It is proven that the practice of the policy is more on finishing the structured syllabus prepared by the school curriculum division rather than full filling the philosophy of education that is in building the students with the efforts towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonic, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards and who are responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the harmony and betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large. With this issues, enlighten the researcher to explore the basic of the education teacher training. What has been practiced in schools reflects on the training of the teacher in teacher training institution. Is it the system or the implementation of it that caused the mismatched in the instructional practices? What is supposed to be done? What has been practiced in the teaching institution? The approaches practiced on the trainees. Does the trainees ability to pose questions and interact with the students from the pedagogical aspects and methodological approach being prompt and develop? Do the trainers play their role as the facilitator and the mediator of the knowledge in ensuring the blooming of the beginner teachers? The trainers have to play their important role well in shaping the student teacher in becoming an excellent teacher. They should model the trainees in the instructional practices in college. Being the expertise, the trainers should be well prepared with various approaches in exploring the student teacher ability in learning the English language in order to become a capable and competent English teacher. 1.1 Purpose Of the Study The purpose of this study is to investigate the trainers in implementing their instructional practice in order to help the trainees to become effective second language teacher. As an ESL teacher and a second language learner, the researcher believes that interaction is the key to second language learning. Second language learners need comprehensible input, need to be in situations that provide maximum personal involvement in the communication and need opportunities to use the target language in social interactions. The learning of a language centres on the use of the language for communicative purposes. Alexander (2004) suggests that the basic repertoire of classroom talk is unlikely to offer the types of cognitive challenge required to extend students thinking. In contrast, he characterizes an approach he describes as dialogic teaching which is collective, reciprocal, supportive, cumulative and purposeful. However, these types of talk are less frequently encountered in classrooms (M roz et al., 2000). Dialogic pedagogies aim for classroom interactions that involve more than superficial participation. They are exemplified by the teachers uptake of student ideas, authentic questions and the opportunity for students to change or modify the course of instruction (Nystrand et al., 2003). Teachers relinquish some measure of control of the trajectory of the lesson as pupils are offered a degree of collaborative influence over the co-construction of knowledge. 1.2 Importance of the study This study is important in four ways. First, as an eye opening to the concept of dialogic approach in the training institution and it is focusing on the classroom interaction between the trainees and the trainer in the class from the socio-cultural theory approach. Second, it gives a holistic view on what is happening in the class and what could be done to help the trainees to become competent user of the English Language learner. Third, it will trigger the needs for the trainers to have a series of cascade training organized by the Teacher Education Division, Malaysia in order to share, improve their approaches in class and vary their instructional teaching before they start teaching the trainees. Fourth, it will establish the culture of sharing and collaboration among the lecturers in the training institute. It requires the teachers to work collaboratively, to open their classroom for observation, critical reviews and discussion with peers. Lastly, it is focusing on the professional development of the trainers in providing the best approaches in exploring the best approach and varies their pedagogical approach in a second language learning class. 1.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research Questions. 1. To what extent do lecturers interact with students to develop their participation in classroom discourse? 2. How are the lecturers developing the English Language competency and critical thinking skills of students through the interaction in class? 3. How do lecturers evaluate their instructional teaching practices? 4. What impact has the Communicative Language Teaching had on the teaching practices to promote a dialogic pedagogy? 5. How useful is a dialogic approach to staff professional development? 1.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Objectives of the study were as follows; 1. To measure the ways lecturers interact with the students to develop their participation in class.   2. To identify how lecturers develop English Language competency and critical thinking skills through the interaction in class. 3. To explore the lecturers instructional practices in second language learning class. 4. To explore the impact of the communicative language teaching policy on language learning in teacher training institutions. 5. To explore the usefulness of a dialogic approach to staff development in teacher training institutions. 1.5. Methodology Research design The focus of the study is to look at the quality of classroom interaction between the lecturer and the trainees. The literature has offered a wide array of descriptions and definitions of the case study, for example: a case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context in which multiple sources of evidence are used (Yin, 1984:23), the qualitative case study can be defined as an intensive, holistic description and analysis of a single entity, phenomenon, or social unit (Merriam, 1988:16). Different from other research studies which aim for generalizable findings, case studies aim for an understanding of the particular case, in its idiosyncrasy, in its complexity (Stake, 1988:256). The case study aligns with my research objectives. It is focused on the two TESL lecturers, the researcher and their respective classes. The study is the interactive instructional practices of the two teachers, the researcher and their students. In order to provide a detailed and in-depth analytical description of the interactive features of the two cases, the researcher have to be into the research site and collected data from multiple sources in a naturalistic setting, namely, in a setting where teacher-student interaction occurs as it actually is. The main purpose of the study was not to attempt to generalize the conclusions to a larger population but to gain a thorough and in-depth understanding of the topic at issue. At the same time a combination of sociolinguistic and ethnographic perspectives has been taken to approach the above research questions.   Data was collected using a range of techniques: interviewing, classroom observation, audio- and video-taping, oral report and stimulated reflection. The sample for the researcher came from the teacher training institution that is situated in Ipoh, between the Bachelor of Education Twinning program UK-MOEM (Ministry Of Education, Malaysia) and the English Language lecturers. Many teachers, even experienced ones, are not always aware of the nature of their interactions with individual students. Consequently, one of the most important purposes of systematic classroom observation is to improve teachers classroom instruction. Feedback from individual classroom profiles derived from systematic observations has been found to help teachers understand their own strengths and weaknesses, and have consequently enabled them to significantly improve their instruction. Through feedback, teachers can become aware of how their classroom functions and thus bring about changes they desire. This process typically involves having trained observers systematically observe teachers and their students in their classrooms and later providing teachers with information about their instruction in clinical sessions. This approach is based on the assumption that teachers value accurate information that they can use to improve their instruction. CHAPTER TWO  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   LITERATURE REVIEW. This chapter will be reviewed the discussion on the theoretical ground on second language acquisition, the approach in the classroom, the student teacher interaction and the instructional pattern of communication being implemented in the classroom. 2.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socio-cultural theory Introduction Vygotsky (1896-1934) is one of the Russian psychologists whose ideas have influenced the field of educational psychology and the field of education as whole. He argues for the uniqueness of the social milieu and regards sociocultural settings as the primary and determining factor in the development of higher forms of human mental activity such as voluntary attention, intentional memory, logical thought, planning, and problem solving. According to Vygotsky (1978 cited Lantolf 2000), the socio-cultural environment presents the child with a variety of tasks and demands, and engages the child in his world through the tools. In the early stages, Vygotsky claims that the child is completely dependent on other people, usually the parents, who initiate the childs actions by instructing him/her as to what to do, how to do it, as well as what not to do. Parents, as representatives of the culture and the conduit through which the culture passes into the child, actualise these instructions primarily through language. On the question of how do children then appropriate these cultural and social heritages, Vygotsky (1978 cited Wertsch 1985) states that the child acquires knowledge through contacts and interactions with people as the first step (inter-psychological plane), then later assimilates and internalises this knowledge adding his personal value to it (intra-psychological plane). This transition from social to personal property according to Vygotsky is not a mere copy, but a transformation of what had been learnt through interaction, into personal values. Vygotsky claims that this is what also happens in schools. Students do not merely copy teachers capabilities; rather they transform what teachers offer them during the processes of appropriation. Lantolf et al. (1994) indicate that the latter understanding of consciousness in the field of teaching is embodied in the concept of meta-cognition, which, according to him, incorporates functions such as planning, voluntary attention, logical memory, problem solving and evaluation. Williams and Burden (1997) claim that socio-cultural theory advocates that education should be concerned not just with theories of instruction, but with learning to learn, developing skills and strategies to continue to learn, with making learning experiences meaningful and relevant to the individual, with developing and growing as a whole person. They claim that the theory asserts that education can never be value-free; it must be underpinned by a set of beliefs about the kind of society that is being constructed and the kinds of explicit and implicit messages that will best convey those beliefs. These beliefs should be manifest also in the ways in which teachers interact with students. Socio-cultural theory has a holistic view about the act of learning. Williams Burden (1997) claim that the theory opposes the idea of the discrete teaching of skills and argues that meaning should constitute the central aspects of any unit of study. Any unit of study should be presented in all its complexity rather than skills and knowledge presented in isolation. The theory emphasizes the importance of what the learner brings to any learning situation as an active meaning-maker and problem-solver. It acknowledges the dynamic nature of the interplay between teachers, learners and tasks and provides a view of learning as arising from interactions with others. According to Ellis (2000), socio-cultural theory assumes that learning arises not through interaction but in interaction. Learners first succeed in performing a new task with the help of another person and then internalise this task so that they can perform it on their own. In this way, social interaction is advocated to mediate learning. According to Ellis, the theory goes further to say interactions that successfully mediate learning are those in which the learners scaffold the new tasks. However, one of the most important contributions of the theory is the distinction Vygotsky made between the childs actual and potential levels of development or what he calls Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Lantolf (2002), Wertsch (1985) and Shayer (2002) claim that Vygotskys introduction of the notion of the ZPD was due to his dissatisfaction with two practical issues in educational psychology: the first is the assessment of a childs intellectual abilities and the second is the evaluation of the instructional practices. With respect to the first issue, Vygotsky believes that the established techniques of testing only determine the actual level of development, but do not measure the potential ability of the child. In his view, psychology should address the issue of predicting a childs future growth, what he/she not yet is. Because of the value Vygotsky attached to the importance of predicting a childs future capabilities, he formulated the concept of ZPD which he defines as the distance between a childs actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving, and the higher level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in co llaboration with more capable peers Wertsch (1985, P. 60). According to him, ZPD helps in determining a childs mental functions that have not yet matured but are in the process of maturation, functions that are currently in an embryonic state, but will mature tomorrow. Moreover, he claims that the study of ZPD is also important, because it is the dynamic region of sensitivity in which the transition from inter-psychological to intra-psychological functioning takes place. Shayer (2002) claims that a crucial feature of learning according to Vygotsky is that it creates a ZPD, that is to say, learning awakens a variety of internal developmental processes that are able to operate only when the child is interacting with people in his environment and in cooperation with his peers. Once these processes are internalised, they become part of the childs independent developmental achievement. Vygotsky advocates that ZPD is not the role of instruction alone, but developmental (biological) factors do have a role to play. It is jointly determined by the childs level of development and the form of instruction involved. According to him, instruction and development do not directly coincide, but represent two processes that exist in a very complex interrelationship. He argues that the child can operate only within certain limits that are strictly fixed by the state of the childs development and intellectual possibilities. Mediation As in Feuerteins theory (Williams and Burden 1997), mediation is central to Vygotskys socio-cultural theory. Mediation according to Vygotsky refers to the part played by other significant people in the learners lives, people who enhance their learning by selecting and shaping the learning experiences presented to them. Vygotsky (1978 cited Wertsch 1985) claims that the secret of effective learning lies in the nature of the social interaction between two or more people with different levels of skills and knowledge. This involves helping the learner to move into and through the next layer of knowledge or understanding. Vygotsky also regard tools as mediators and one of the important tools is language. The use of language to help learners move into and through their ZPD is of great significance to socio-cultural theory. Kozulin et al. (1995) claim that Vygotsky considers the learning process as not a solitary exploration of the environment by the child on his own, but as a process of the childs appropriation of the methods of actions that exist in a given culture. In the process of appropriation, symbolic tools or artefacts play a crucial role. Kozulin (2002) categorises mediators into two categories: human and symbolic. According to him, human mediation usually tries to answer the question concerning what kind of involvement on the part of the adult is effective in enhancing the childs performance; while symbolic mediation deals with what changes in the childs performance can be brought about by the introduction of the child to symbolic tools-mediators. Scaffolding According to Donato (1994) scaffolding is a concept that derives from cognitive psychology and L1 research. It states that in a social interaction, a knowledgeable participant can create by means of speech and supportive conditions in which the student (novice) can participate in and extend current skills and knowledge to a high level of competence. In an educational context, however, scaffolding is an instructional structure whereby the teacher models the desired learning strategy or task then gradually shifts responsibility to the students. According to McKenzie, (1999) scaffolding provides the following advantages: a) It provides clear directions for students b) It clarifies purpose of the task c) It keeps students on task d) It offers assessment to clarify expectations e) It points students to worthy sources f) It reduces uncertainty, surprise and disappointment g) It delivers efficiency h) It creates momentum According to Rogoff (1990 in Donato, 1994), scaffolding implies the experts active stance towards continual revisions of the scaffolding in response to the emerging capabilities of the learner, and a learners error or limited capabilities can be a signal for the adult to upgrade the scaffolding. As the learner begins to take on more responsibility for the task, the adult dismantles the scaffold indicating that the child has benefited from the assisted performance and internalised the problem-solving processes provided by the previous scaffold episode. Wertsch (1979a cited Donato 1994) claims that scaffold performance is a dialogically constituted inter-psychological mechanism that promotes the learners internalisation of knowledge co-constructed in shared activity. Donato (1994) advocates that in an L2 classroom, collaborative work among language learners provides the same opportunity for scaffold help as in expert-novice relationships in the everyday setting. Van Lier (1988 cited Do nato 1994) states that L2 teaching methodology can benefit from a study of L1 scaffolding to understand how classroom activities already tacitly employ such tactics. The study of scaffolding in L2 research according to Donato has focused exclusively on how language teachers provide guided assistance to learners. 2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classroom interaction in socio-cultural theory A socio-cultural theory was pioneered by Vgotsky (1978) and the core of the theory is the proposition that cognitive development originates in social interaction. Vgotsky (1981) formulated the trajectory of cognitive development as from the inter-psychological plane to the intra-psychological plane by saying: Any function in the childs cultural development appears twice, or in two planes: first, it appears on the social plane, and then on the psychological plane; first it appears between people as an inter-psychological category, and then within the child as an intra-psychological category. This is equally true with regard to voluntary attention, logical memory and the formation of concepts and the development of volition (p.163). In other words, learning first takes place between a child and an expert (e.g. the childs parent) when they engage in joint under-taking. The expert assists the young child to appropriate his greater knowledge or skills in relation to the task at hand and gradually hands over the task to the young child. The child internalizes what he gained and transformed it into his own resources that can be used for individual thinking and problem solving. It is mainly mediated by means of talk. 2.3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classroom interactions Constructivism Related to Questioning and Conversation Constructivism plays a key role in effective classroom conversations and differs from classrooms filled with traditional conversations. Schulte (1996) argued that Constructivist teachers must observe the students actions and listen to their views without making judgments or trying to correct answers (p. 27). This differs from the traditional classroom where students are passive learners and wait for the teacher to give correct answers (Schulte, 1996). In contrast, constructivist classroom teachers must listen to students and help make connections between what they are thinking and what others are thinking during the same experience (Duckworth, 2006). Teachers must also make connections for learners between the learners understandings and the teachers understandings (Duckworth, 2006). Instead of giving lectures and expecting students to regurgitate what has been lectured, teachers must show students how to listen to others and question ideas when they are unknown (Duckworth, 2006). Teachers must make their actions known to students by using explicit language, modelling the thinking process, and allowing students to think aloud about new ideas (Bodrova Leong, 1996). Lambert, etal. (2002) supported the idea of sharing thoughts and ideas by stating, In a constructivist conversation, each individual comes to understand the purpose of talk, since the relationship is one of reciprocity (p. 65). Constructivist teaching allows students to actively participate in their learning versus the traditional idea of passively receiving information. It allows teachers and students to synthesize their knowledge in order to create new meanings. Classroom discourse based on a constructivists view of learning involves student participation. This was explained by Hartman (1996) when stated, As seen through Vygotskys views, classroom discourse is socially meaningful activity because it creates a situation in which all students can and are encouraged to participate not only by the teacher, but by the other students as well (p. 99). Students are encouraged to share their ideas with others to help clarify their thoughts and make adjustments to their understandings (Schulte, 1996). Student participation means that teachers hand over control of classroom conversations and allow students to express their thinking aloud. This results in the student having the final word at times and helps the student create his or her own understanding instead of receiving the teachers understanding of ideas (Duckworth, 2006). When students are allowed to explain their thinking they must learn to be explicit and clear so others will understand them; t hat results in deeper understanding (Bodrova Leong, 1996). Student participation during classroom discourse allows students to practice problem-solving and decision-making skills that will help improve their leadership ability as adults. In Dantonio and Beisenherz (2001) book Learning to Question, Questioning to Learn, constructivist classroom discussions are referred to as instructional conversations. In an instructional conversation, a teacher is skilful in facilitating talk that promotes student thinking. Students require guided practice in order to respond in a manner that leads to a deeper understanding of subject matter. With guidance, students learn to enhance the quality of their thinking through the teachers effective use of questions. In line with Vygotskys zone of proximal development, instructional conversations provide students with opportunities to do today with help what can be done independently tomorrow. Teachers and students work together to create new meanings and understandings through effective questioning and higher level learner responses. Classroom discourse holds various meanings but definitions found in the literature hold a common ground: classroom discourse is talk between two or more persons that may or may not lead to a new understanding (Cazden, 2001; Mroz, Smith Hardman, 2000). Two definitions of classroom discourse were given by Cazden (1998). She described discourse as conversations where participants are having the same talk. Discourse was also described as an understanding that occurs when participants take different positions in different talks at the same time. In their research findings, Edwards and Mercer (1987) described classroom discourse as the talk that occurs between two or more people that usually consists of a teacher and one or more students. Additional researchers defined classroom discourse in their studies. Skidmore, Perez-Parent, and Arnfield (2003) proclaimed that classroom discourse contrasts to every day conversation because students must wait for their turn while patiently raising their hand. In everyday conversation people speak to one another at will to express their ideas and understandings. Similarly, Townsend and Pace (2005) noted that classroom discourse that is directed by one person, usually the teacher, results in students repeating predetermined ideas or mere facts. It contrasts to classrooms where students are given opportunities to explore higher level questions and engage in meaning making activities (Townsend Pace, 2005). Skidmore (1999) referred to traditional classroom discourse as, pedagogical dialogue, in which someone who knows the truth instructs someone who is in error, and which is characterised by a tendency towards the use of authoritative discourse on the part of the teacher (p. 17). All of these examples of classroom discourse vary from everyday conversations because students are subjected to waiting for a turn to give factual information. Researchers of classroom discourse refer to teacher dictated conversations as a traditional pattern of talk. 2.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research Studies on Classroom Interaction Many studies on classroom interactions focused on teacher questions, learner responses, or the effect of questions on student achievement. Studies by Redfield and Rousseau (1981), Chin (2006), Wells and Arauz (2006), Boyd and Rubin (2006), Myhill and Dunkin (2005), and Schleppenbach, Perry, and Miller (2007) were reviewed, compared, and contrasted. Redfield and Rousseau (1981) analyzed 20 studies on the effect of teacher questioning on student achievement. Redfield and Rousseau (1981) wanted to create a meta-analysis of data from the studies to determine the impact of program monitoring, experimental validity, and level of teacher questioning. All of the studies were experimental or quasi-experimental in nature. Quantitative tools were used to measure the effect size in each study. Redfield and Rousseau (1981) completed their research by stating, Hence, it may be concluded that small-scale studies of teacher questioning behaviour have allowed for greater experimental control than large-scale studies (p. 242).It was found that teachers that predominately used higher cognitive questions had a positive effect on student achievement, and teachers that were trained in effective questions and used higher cognitive questions greatly affected their students achievement. Chin (2006) conducted a study focused on teacher questions and feedback to learner responses during science lessons. She wanted to analyze the type of talk that occurs during science lessons, find out how teachers use questioning to engage students, and identify the various types of feedback teachers give to learners during an initiation response-feedback exchange of talk. Chin (2006) gathered data from two science classrooms in Singapore during 14 lessons. To explain the data analysis, Chin (2006) explained, A questioning-based discourse analytical framework was developed for the description and analysis of classroom discourse in science, with a focus on questioning based practices (p. 1334). It was found that when the teacher provided feedback in the form of subsequent questions that built upon a students response, acknowledgement of a students response, or a restatement of a students response, students responded at a level beyond recall. Chin (2006) concluded that Students can be stretched mentally throu