The Light On Daisys Dock - 1263 Words

In the literary criticism How to Read Novels Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster, Foster underscores the notion of character’s desires. In the literary criticism of chapter fourteen of The Light on Daisy’s Dock, Foster says that not only is the novel is driven by character’s desires but also character’s desires are often associated with symbols and conflicts. These symbols and conflicts guide readers in a significant way which readers will understand the message the author is conveying in the novel. Therefore, Foster’s concept of character’s desires along with symbols is applied in â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† In The Light on Daisy’s Dock, Foster elucidate his concept of character’s desires and†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the author of this novel is conveying the message of the desires soon leading to the downfall of characters. Because of this type of example, Foster conveys the notion of symbols and obstacles following character’s desire, which is implicated in author’s message of the novel. Throughout the short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates, the protagonist Connie encounters the antagonist Arnold Friend with his gold car. While Connie walks with Eddie to his car, Connie first notice Friend, who â€Å"was a boy with shaggy black hair, in a convertible jalopy painted gold† (Oates, 15). The significance of gold is associated with compassion because the color of gold is yellow which is the symbol for happiness. The symbol of the color of the car is applied when Arnold Friend confronts his love for Connie by asking her to go on a quest with him in his car. In other words, Friend’s desire of taking Connie into his car becomes the main plot of the story. When Connie saw the â€Å"open jalopy, painted a bright gold that caught the sunlight opaquely[,] her heart began to pound and her fingers snatched at her hair, checking it, and...wondering how bad she looked† (Oates, 17). In this quote, Connie demonstrates sudden actions regarding with her hair. These actions can be implied that Connie is worrying about her beauty especiallyShow MoreRelatedEveryone has heard about the green light at the end of Daisys dock—a symbol of the crude future,2400 Words   |  10 PagesEveryone has heard about the green light at the end of Daisys dock—a symbol of the crude future, the immeasurable promise of the dream that Gatsby desires despite its tragic end. Another familiar symbol is that of yellow and gold—representing money, the tactless greediness that taints the dream and eventually leads to its destruction. Such symbols and their purposes, at every stage in the novel, help provide substance to the main conflict. The central conflict of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The GreatRead MoreThe American Dream Is Just a Dream in F. Scott Fitzgerald ´s The Great Gatsby818 Words   |  3 Pagesby the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock, and the truth behind Gatsby’s wealth and claim to fame, and also by Gatsby’s love for Daisy and him eventually drowning in his love for her. Behind Gatsby’s mansion there is a barely visible green light that always shines. This green light is at the end of Daisy’s dock across the Sound. Almost every night, â€Å"[Gatsby] stretche[s] out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way...trembling†¦ [there is] nothing except a single green light, minute andRead MoreSignificance Of Green Light In The Great Gatsby871 Words   |  4 Pagessymbols of the green light and the rain to represent Gatsby’s hope for the future and his doomed relationship with Daisy. Throughout the story, Fitzgerald uses the green light as a symbol to represent Gatsby’s hopes and dreams for the future. Fitzgerald’s first use of the green light shows Gatsby’s dreams that are just out of reach. As Nick watches Gatsby outside his house he notices Gatsby has â€Å"stretched out his arms towards the dark water in a curious way †¦ a single green light, minute and far awayRead MoreUnrealism In The Great Gatsby Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesBright Green Light Would a novel without any symbols be as interesting and effective as a novel with lots? Most likely not, symbols are like hidden treasures throughout a novel which help to convey an idea and without symbols, these themes would be harder to identify. In F.Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg are used to develop the theme of â€Å"god is always watching over you, even through the hard times†. As well as the green light which is usedRead MoreWhat Does The Green Light Symbolize In The Great Gatsby966 Words   |  4 Pagessymbols to the theme. The green light at the end of Daisys dock, Gatsbys car, and the Valley of Ashes all portray the unachievable American Dream which in Gatsbys cases is his lust for money and his love for Daisy. The first significant symbol appears when Gatsby reaches out toward the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock because it represents the American Dream. Nick narrates as he watches Gatsby trying to capture his dream of having Daisy. The green light is symbolic of Gatsbys aspirationsRead MoreThe Failure Of Jay Gatsby s American Dream911 Words   |  4 Pagesdance. Daisy‘s excited because she hands Nick a card, telling him he could exchange it for a kiss, which Nick thinks is pointless. The color green reinforces Fitzgerald‘s use of that color to represent hope and wealth as in the green light at the end of Daisy‘s dock. At the beginning of the book, Nick, as the narrator, explains how the green light means something deep for Gatsby: â€Å"A single green light minute and far away, that have been the end of the dock.â€Å"(26) We could say that the green light isRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald 980 Words   |  4 Pagesgreen light is a signi ficant symbol closely associated with Gatsby’s dream. Readers are first introduced to the green light near the very beginning of the novel; it is located at the end of Daisy’s dock. Nick, the narrator of the novel, sees Gatsby peculiarly reaching out towards the water, so curiously, Nick goes to further observe what Gatsby is looking at and he sees ...nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock (25). The green light is aRead MoreEssay about Love and Struggle in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1421 Words   |  6 PagesTom Buchanan. Symbolism is strong throughout the novel; from the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock symbolizing how close Gatsby is to Daisy (yet still so far away), to the valley of ashes representing the lost hopes and dreams of the people in the city. There is also the mantle clock, a symbol of lost time between Gatsby and Daisy, the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg, representing God watching over everything, and Daisy’s voice being full of money, representing the life that Daisy led. These areRead MoreWhat Does The Green Light Symbolize In The Great Gatsby736 Words   |  3 Pageshave potentially obtained anything with his money, The green light which was at the end of Daisy’s dock was a vision of his goal to have Daisy. Daisy Buchanan had assured Gatsby that she could not be bought. When at last Gatsby had Daisy to himself ‘which he thought he did’, she was longer idolized by him and no longer desirable. It was a feeling of ‘so close yet so far’ meaning even though Gatsby was physically close to the green light, it (Daisy) was not something he could keep. ‘ So close yetRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald893 Words   |  4 PagesDream. Nick’s cynicism is further revealed in the way he speaks about the green light on Daisy’s dock. Gatsby is in the midst of a intense joy over being reunited with Daisy, yet Nick is reflecting negatively on the green light of Daisy’s dock. He thinks, â€Å"Compared to the distance that it had separated him from Daisy it had seemed very near to her, almost touching her. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one† (Fitzgerald 93). Nick’s thoughts

The Light On Daisys Dock - 1263 Words

In the literary criticism How to Read Novels Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster, Foster underscores the notion of character’s desires. In the literary criticism of chapter fourteen of The Light on Daisy’s Dock, Foster says that not only is the novel is driven by character’s desires but also character’s desires are often associated with symbols and conflicts. These symbols and conflicts guide readers in a significant way which readers will understand the message the author is conveying in the novel. Therefore, Foster’s concept of character’s desires along with symbols is applied in â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† In The Light on Daisy’s Dock, Foster elucidate his concept of character’s desires and†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the author of this novel is conveying the message of the desires soon leading to the downfall of characters. Because of this type of example, Foster conveys the notion of symbols and obstacles following character’s desire, which is implicated in author’s message of the novel. Throughout the short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates, the protagonist Connie encounters the antagonist Arnold Friend with his gold car. While Connie walks with Eddie to his car, Connie first notice Friend, who â€Å"was a boy with shaggy black hair, in a convertible jalopy painted gold† (Oates, 15). The significance of gold is associated with compassion because the color of gold is yellow which is the symbol for happiness. The symbol of the color of the car is applied when Arnold Friend confronts his love for Connie by asking her to go on a quest with him in his car. In other words, Friend’s desire of taking Connie into his car becomes the main plot of the story. When Connie saw the â€Å"open jalopy, painted a bright gold that caught the sunlight opaquely[,] her heart began to pound and her fingers snatched at her hair, checking it, and...wondering how bad she looked† (Oates, 17). In this quote, Connie demonstrates sudden actions regarding with her hair. These actions can be implied that Connie is worrying about her beauty especiallyShow MoreRelatedEveryone has heard about the green light at the end of Daisys dock—a symbol of the crude future,2400 Words   |  10 PagesEveryone has heard about the green light at the end of Daisys dock—a symbol of the crude future, the immeasurable promise of the dream that Gatsby desires despite its tragic end. Another familiar symbol is that of yellow and gold—representing money, the tactless greediness that taints the dream and eventually leads to its destruction. Such symbols and their purposes, at every stage in the novel, help provide substance to the main conflict. The central conflict of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The GreatRead MoreThe American Dream Is Just a Dream in F. Scott Fitzgerald ´s The Great Gatsby818 Words   |  3 Pagesby the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock, and the truth behind Gatsby’s wealth and claim to fame, and also by Gatsby’s love for Daisy and him eventually drowning in his love for her. Behind Gatsby’s mansion there is a barely visible green light that always shines. This green light is at the end of Daisy’s dock across the Sound. Almost every night, â€Å"[Gatsby] stretche[s] out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way...trembling†¦ [there is] nothing except a single green light, minute andRead MoreSignificance Of Green Light In The Great Gatsby871 Words   |  4 Pagessymbols of the green light and the rain to represent Gatsby’s hope for the future and his doomed relationship with Daisy. Throughout the story, Fitzgerald uses the green light as a symbol to represent Gatsby’s hopes and dreams for the future. Fitzgerald’s first use of the green light shows Gatsby’s dreams that are just out of reach. As Nick watches Gatsby outside his house he notices Gatsby has â€Å"stretched out his arms towards the dark water in a curious way †¦ a single green light, minute and far awayRead MoreUnrealism In The Great Gatsby Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesBright Green Light Would a novel without any symbols be as interesting and effective as a novel with lots? Most likely not, symbols are like hidden treasures throughout a novel which help to convey an idea and without symbols, these themes would be harder to identify. In F.Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg are used to develop the theme of â€Å"god is always watching over you, even through the hard times†. As well as the green light which is usedRead MoreWhat Does The Green Light Symbolize In The Great Gatsby966 Words   |  4 Pagessymbols to the theme. The green light at the end of Daisys dock, Gatsbys car, and the Valley of Ashes all portray the unachievable American Dream which in Gatsbys cases is his lust for money and his love for Daisy. The first significant symbol appears when Gatsby reaches out toward the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock because it represents the American Dream. Nick narrates as he watches Gatsby trying to capture his dream of having Daisy. The green light is symbolic of Gatsbys aspirationsRead MoreThe Failure Of Jay Gatsby s American Dream911 Words   |  4 Pagesdance. Daisy‘s excited because she hands Nick a card, telling him he could exchange it for a kiss, which Nick thinks is pointless. The color green reinforces Fitzgerald‘s use of that color to represent hope and wealth as in the green light at the end of Daisy‘s dock. At the beginning of the book, Nick, as the narrator, explains how the green light means something deep for Gatsby: â€Å"A single green light minute and far away, that have been the end of the dock.â€Å"(26) We could say that the green light isRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald 980 Words   |  4 Pagesgreen light is a signi ficant symbol closely associated with Gatsby’s dream. Readers are first introduced to the green light near the very beginning of the novel; it is located at the end of Daisy’s dock. Nick, the narrator of the novel, sees Gatsby peculiarly reaching out towards the water, so curiously, Nick goes to further observe what Gatsby is looking at and he sees ...nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock (25). The green light is aRead MoreEssay about Love and Struggle in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1421 Words   |  6 PagesTom Buchanan. Symbolism is strong throughout the novel; from the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock symbolizing how close Gatsby is to Daisy (yet still so far away), to the valley of ashes representing the lost hopes and dreams of the people in the city. There is also the mantle clock, a symbol of lost time between Gatsby and Daisy, the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg, representing God watching over everything, and Daisy’s voice being full of money, representing the life that Daisy led. These areRead MoreWhat Does The Green Light Symbolize In The Great Gatsby736 Words   |  3 Pageshave potentially obtained anything with his money, The green light which was at the end of Daisy’s dock was a vision of his goal to have Daisy. Daisy Buchanan had assured Gatsby that she could not be bought. When at last Gatsby had Daisy to himself ‘which he thought he did’, she was longer idolized by him and no longer desirable. It was a feeling of ‘so close yet so far’ meaning even though Gatsby was physically close to the green light, it (Daisy) was not something he could keep. ‘ So close yetRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald893 Words   |  4 PagesDream. Nick’s cynicism is further revealed in the way he speaks about the green light on Daisy’s dock. Gatsby is in the midst of a intense joy over being reunited with Daisy, yet Nick is reflecting negatively on the green light of Daisy’s dock. He thinks, â€Å"Compared to the distance that it had separated him from Daisy it had seemed very near to her, almost touching her. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one† (Fitzgerald 93). Nick’s thoughts

The Light On Daisys Dock - 1263 Words

In the literary criticism How to Read Novels Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster, Foster underscores the notion of character’s desires. In the literary criticism of chapter fourteen of The Light on Daisy’s Dock, Foster says that not only is the novel is driven by character’s desires but also character’s desires are often associated with symbols and conflicts. These symbols and conflicts guide readers in a significant way which readers will understand the message the author is conveying in the novel. Therefore, Foster’s concept of character’s desires along with symbols is applied in â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† In The Light on Daisy’s Dock, Foster elucidate his concept of character’s desires and†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the author of this novel is conveying the message of the desires soon leading to the downfall of characters. Because of this type of example, Foster conveys the notion of symbols and obstacles following character’s desire, which is implicated in author’s message of the novel. Throughout the short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates, the protagonist Connie encounters the antagonist Arnold Friend with his gold car. While Connie walks with Eddie to his car, Connie first notice Friend, who â€Å"was a boy with shaggy black hair, in a convertible jalopy painted gold† (Oates, 15). The significance of gold is associated with compassion because the color of gold is yellow which is the symbol for happiness. The symbol of the color of the car is applied when Arnold Friend confronts his love for Connie by asking her to go on a quest with him in his car. In other words, Friend’s desire of taking Connie into his car becomes the main plot of the story. When Connie saw the â€Å"open jalopy, painted a bright gold that caught the sunlight opaquely[,] her heart began to pound and her fingers snatched at her hair, checking it, and...wondering how bad she looked† (Oates, 17). In this quote, Connie demonstrates sudden actions regarding with her hair. These actions can be implied that Connie is worrying about her beauty especiallyShow MoreRelatedEveryone has heard about the green light at the end of Daisys dock—a symbol of the crude future,2400 Words   |  10 PagesEveryone has heard about the green light at the end of Daisys dock—a symbol of the crude future, the immeasurable promise of the dream that Gatsby desires despite its tragic end. Another familiar symbol is that of yellow and gold—representing money, the tactless greediness that taints the dream and eventually leads to its destruction. Such symbols and their purposes, at every stage in the novel, help provide substance to the main conflict. The central conflict of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The GreatRead MoreThe American Dream Is Just a Dream in F. Scott Fitzgerald ´s The Great Gatsby818 Words   |  3 Pagesby the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock, and the truth behind Gatsby’s wealth and claim to fame, and also by Gatsby’s love for Daisy and him eventually drowning in his love for her. Behind Gatsby’s mansion there is a barely visible green light that always shines. This green light is at the end of Daisy’s dock across the Sound. Almost every night, â€Å"[Gatsby] stretche[s] out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way...trembling†¦ [there is] nothing except a single green light, minute andRead MoreSignificance Of Green Light In The Great Gatsby871 Words   |  4 Pagessymbols of the green light and the rain to represent Gatsby’s hope for the future and his doomed relationship with Daisy. Throughout the story, Fitzgerald uses the green light as a symbol to represent Gatsby’s hopes and dreams for the future. Fitzgerald’s first use of the green light shows Gatsby’s dreams that are just out of reach. As Nick watches Gatsby outside his house he notices Gatsby has â€Å"stretched out his arms towards the dark water in a curious way †¦ a single green light, minute and far awayRead MoreUnrealism In The Great Gatsby Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesBright Green Light Would a novel without any symbols be as interesting and effective as a novel with lots? Most likely not, symbols are like hidden treasures throughout a novel which help to convey an idea and without symbols, these themes would be harder to identify. In F.Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg are used to develop the theme of â€Å"god is always watching over you, even through the hard times†. As well as the green light which is usedRead MoreWhat Does The Green Light Symbolize In The Great Gatsby966 Words   |  4 Pagessymbols to the theme. The green light at the end of Daisys dock, Gatsbys car, and the Valley of Ashes all portray the unachievable American Dream which in Gatsbys cases is his lust for money and his love for Daisy. The first significant symbol appears when Gatsby reaches out toward the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock because it represents the American Dream. Nick narrates as he watches Gatsby trying to capture his dream of having Daisy. The green light is symbolic of Gatsbys aspirationsRead MoreThe Failure Of Jay Gatsby s American Dream911 Words   |  4 Pagesdance. Daisy‘s excited because she hands Nick a card, telling him he could exchange it for a kiss, which Nick thinks is pointless. The color green reinforces Fitzgerald‘s use of that color to represent hope and wealth as in the green light at the end of Daisy‘s dock. At the beginning of the book, Nick, as the narrator, explains how the green light means something deep for Gatsby: â€Å"A single green light minute and far away, that have been the end of the dock.â€Å"(26) We could say that the green light isRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald 980 Words   |  4 Pagesgreen light is a signi ficant symbol closely associated with Gatsby’s dream. Readers are first introduced to the green light near the very beginning of the novel; it is located at the end of Daisy’s dock. Nick, the narrator of the novel, sees Gatsby peculiarly reaching out towards the water, so curiously, Nick goes to further observe what Gatsby is looking at and he sees ...nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock (25). The green light is aRead MoreEssay about Love and Struggle in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1421 Words   |  6 PagesTom Buchanan. Symbolism is strong throughout the novel; from the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock symbolizing how close Gatsby is to Daisy (yet still so far away), to the valley of ashes representing the lost hopes and dreams of the people in the city. There is also the mantle clock, a symbol of lost time between Gatsby and Daisy, the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg, representing God watching over everything, and Daisy’s voice being full of money, representing the life that Daisy led. These areRead MoreWhat Does The Green Light Symbolize In The Great Gatsby736 Words   |  3 Pageshave potentially obtained anything with his money, The green light which was at the end of Daisy’s dock was a vision of his goal to have Daisy. Daisy Buchanan had assured Gatsby that she could not be bought. When at last Gatsby had Daisy to himself ‘which he thought he did’, she was longer idolized by him and no longer desirable. It was a feeling of ‘so close yet so far’ meaning even though Gatsby was physically close to the green light, it (Daisy) was not something he could keep. ‘ So close yetRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald893 Words   |  4 PagesDream. Nick’s cynicism is further revealed in the way he speaks about the green light on Daisy’s dock. Gatsby is in the midst of a intense joy over being reunited with Daisy, yet Nick is reflecting negatively on the green light of Daisy’s dock. He thinks, â€Å"Compared to the distance that it had separated him from Daisy it had seemed very near to her, almost touching her. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one† (Fitzgerald 93). Nick’s thoughts

The Unexplained Puzzle Into Us History Essay Samples African American Political Participation Uncovered

The Unexplained Puzzle Into Us History Essay Samples African American Political Participation Uncovered They don't want you to understand that story, he explained. Years in front of a grown black man would be regarded as as a guy and not a boy. He explained that growing up the one thing that could acquire black children from the hood was sports. A Black man goes to find an apartment after calling the landlord to make sure it was still offered. Clearly, politics deals with messy and complicated conditions, it therefore require for all its members to take part in order in order for it to run smoother, through the voice of the folks. Still you're able to accomplish a lot with less time and cost, provided that you're persistent in your endeavors. Sometimes it seems as though they don't get the honor that's due, and someone else receives the credit. The most obvious figure that's been touted as taking the movement to a different level was Martin Luther King Jr.. Therefore the prisoner progressed past the world of the firelight, and now into the domain of sunlight. A superb comprehension of a nation's political culture can help to make sense of the way a nation's government is designed, together with the political decisions its leaders make. Unquestionably, politics ought to be entrenched as a basis, for the interest of the democratic integrity of a person's nation. Knowing a nation's history gives someone a very clear p icture of the overall facets of a nation. By consistent training you can really boost your posture. I doubt whether there is a stronger theme in the entire musical literature of earth. The very first concept is among the most significant and that's stereotyping. There are a couple of concepts in the text that relate to the African American culture. Us History Essay Samples African American Political Participation - What Is It? Also, there appears to be no way to receive the best clips, so it may work best either to assign part of the program as homework, or to stream it ahead of time so that you are able to discover the parts which are most relevant quickly. Without regard to the academic amount of the essay examples that you're looking for, we possess the subject material covered with ease, and would love for you to browse through the many distinct topics to observe this for yourself. EmpowermentEmployees don't always need to need to request permission. Participating in such a huge study from beginning to finish has validated my interest in academic research for a profession. Life After Us History Essay Samples African American Political Participation Nearly the exact same proportion of the people is voting specialists. In 1917 there was massive financial confusion which resulted in substantial decrease in coal in the nation. The totally inactive, which is made up of twenty-two percent of the populace, don't take part in any politics. Its output couldn't be matched with that of totally free labor as a result of incidences of mutiny and sabotage. The Basic Facts of Us History Essay Samples African American Political Participation Choose something which you find funny, and you may also vary between different pursuits. You skeleton sets some limitations of form and size you cannot surpass. On the flip side, racial discrimination is the action of subordinating an individual because of the color of the epidermis or race. For that reason, it has improved to an excellent extent, the structu re of the movie. The 5-Minute Rule for Us History Essay Samples African American Political Participation It particularly aimed the southern portion of the USA. Therefore, the voting law was remade to be certain that everybody could vote. In the majority of schools, Black history doesn't consume the entire month. It should be taught in schools, as well as in the homes. When you think about political participation within this way, it's simple to observe that most U.S. citizens have some degree of political participation. African American civil rights has a very long history. Folks can relate with events that occurred in the nation in a more elaborate method. Although voting has become the most popular kind of participation, it's still not heavily practiced. What to Expect From Us History Essay Samples African American Political Participation? Years of trying hard to find the rights this country had denied them. In the America society, there's an influx of distinct populations that are entering in the nation. The protests which were made were mainly intended to put pressure on the sitting president throughout that time John F. Kennedy. You also have black Americans that come from all around the United States of america in various cities and neighborhoods with unique methods of living and growing up. It's the only developed country and one of only a couple of countries on earth that doesn't guarantee working mothers paid leave. However, there continue to be discrimination against African Americans, but I feel it will be solved. Today Islam in the black community is composed of black Americans that come from several backgrounds. Yet, politically, it has never been able to sufficiently capitalize on that status in order to receive the full benefits of life in America. Actually, the president himself receives criticisms that question his ability to lead because of the race which he belongs to. Therefore, they will never truly understand why they're in the position that they're in today. I believe that the most essential point is Do not quit. Now let's take a moment to check at a number of the big influences on nonparticipation.

Learning English in America Essay Example For Students

Learning English in America Essay When I was 7 years old I had arrived just to America. I didn’t know nothing but the basic words like yes/no. I was in enrolled in school the 2nd week of being here. I went straight to seventh grade. I remember walking into class wearing blue Levis jean and a gray polo tucked in, with my hair combed to the side. Then I sat next to this most beautiful girl I saw for the first-time. I knew then that I wanted to go to class every day. She was my age and always used to help me with my reading and writing. I also came upon Fox Learner which was I good way to also help me with my English. My literacy in English really came help from a beautiful girl who was so kind and smart, and Fox learner I taught me many great thing and help me with my learning experience. Her name was Crystal and she was beautiful. She was the girl who sat next to me in my first grade class. And has time went by I got closer to here getting to know her more and her getting to know me. I told her how English was my second langue and I dint know much. But, at the moment, I wanted to know as much English as I can, so I can be able to talk to her more. When we used to have reading time in English, she would always help me pick out a book. Then later sit next to me and help me read it to her. I used to always try to read fast so I didn’t have to pronounce the word. So she will always stop me when she felt like I didn’t know the word and would make me sound it out until I felt comfortable with it. When School was not going on and we had a break she would help me with my reading even more. Her mom was an English teacher at the high school so she would invite me and we will do many fun activities together. I remember when her mom would always tell me to talk slow. That I talk like new-yoker which I never knew why till I actually went to New York and seen the difference. There was always problem, with how fast I used to talk that people had a hard time to understand me. As my first grade day kept going I had gotten so much better. I stared to read this Fox Learner books that had audio that helped me in many ways. One time, I came home from school and walked through the door and saw that we got these new plastic packages. I remember seen the colors green, purple and orange; that also came with tapes. My mom has bought the whole set of Fox learner for me and my brothers. But he knew English he was born and raised here he even skipped a grade. Each colors of the book meant how easy or difficult it was. I don’t know why but at the time I was very excited for those book, they were a really were a very special thing to me while growing up. My first grade year came to end I was so much better in my English that I can speak and keep a conversation. I used to throw a few Arabic words out but the people around me still understood me. I even came real good friends with Crystal and was very thankful for the help that she had gave me help me with. I still keep in touch with her till now. And Fox Learner it was a really great experience that I know didn’t only help me but others and more to come. My literacy in English really came help from a beautiful girl who was so kind and smart, and Fox learner I taught me many great thing and help me with my learning experience.

Nutrition Facts of Healthy and Unhealthy free essay sample

The Restaurant I have picked for my Healthy meal is McDonalds. I have picked the Cesar salad with grilled chicken topped with Cesar dressing and a large unsweetened Ice tea. In my meal it contains calories, calories fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, fiber, sugar, protein, vitamin a, vitamin c, calcium and iron. Over all the meal is healthy and will meet my daily amount needed. However The Vitamin A may be too low. A total needed to consume per day is 5,000. In this meal there is only 160 grams of vitamin a consumed.Vitamin A helps your eyesight, bones, ability to produce offspring, immunity and how your cells divide and differentiate. Vitamin an also affects the condition of your skin, hair and teeth. Although the sodium level is less than the daily maximum this is high in sodium. A daily maximum of intake of sodium is 2200 mg. Excessive consumption can stop proper absorption of nutrients and disrupt body functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition Facts of Healthy and Unhealthy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The body needs some sodium to help regulate the amount of water in the body and for muscles to work correctly.It also is needed to help the nervous system to send signals between the brain and muscles. Excess intake of sodium in the daily diet may lead to Hypertension (High blood pressure) and obesity which, in turn, may lead to a host of dietary diseases. It is well known that excess sodium leads to hypertension. The link between high blood pressure, also known as the silent killer, and heart disease is well established. Heart disease is one of the most likely causes of death in the USA. After my research just because something appears to be healthy it does no necessarily mean that it is.

10 Cause and Effect Essay Topics on the Food Movement Its Rise and Fall

10 Cause and Effect Essay Topics on the Food Movement Its Rise and Fall When it comes to writing a comprehensive cause and effect essay on the rise and fall of the food movement, you have to back it up with solid facts that are supported by good references. In this first guide, you’ll be provided with 10 facts on the rise and fall of the food movement so that it becomes easier for you to write a really good essay on the subject. Our second guide, 20 topics on the rise and fall of the food movement for a cause and effect essay, provides you with 20 topics to choose from, along with a sample essay to get you moving in the right direction. And finally, the third guide, 3 patterns to organize your cause and effect essay on the food movement, explains how to outline your essay to make it flow smoothly. Without further ado, here are top 10 facts on the rise and fall of the food movement: When McDonald’s opened its fast food chain in 1986 near Piazza de Spagna in Rome, Carlo Petrini protested against the globalization of fast food, believing that food should be clean and natural, it should taste good and please the senses. He also pointed out that food producers should have a fair compensation for their hard work. This led to the inception of his organization Arcigola, now known as Slow Food. The main goal was to make people aware of good, clean and healthy food while avoiding foods that are â€Å"fast† or highly processed. By law, U.S. farmers who label their products as organic are required to feed their animals with pure organic food which should be free of any chemicals. Farmers are also required to avoid using any kind of antibiotics or synthetic growth hormones in feeding their animals. The farmers are also encouraged to keep their animals in a clean, safe and cage-free environment. Did you know since 1900, the diversity of food produced by Europe has decreased by up to 75% and America has lost over 90% of its food product diversity in the same period? It should also be noted that nearly 30,000 kinds of vegetable species have gone extinct since the last century and more continue to go extinct every six hours. This is why communities like Slow Food Movement are trying to negate the food production diversity. Food grown locally and naturally is fresher and more nutritious compared to that brought in from long-distance commutes. Non-processed food reduces the risks of chronic digestive diseases and prevents common illnesses like obesity and high blood pressure. Naturally occurring, locally grown food allows us to make better food choices as there’s more nutritional value to be had.Generally speaking, food that’s grown locally naturally is always better in terms of health and nutritional value because you know how it’s grown and where it is coming from. Carlo Petrini isn’t the only major contributor to the Slow Food Movement; Alice Waters has made extensive contributions to the community; in fact, she is a noted chef who has applied the Slow Food philosophy in her own restaurant in California. She has written several books on the Slow Food Movement, actively promoting it and also formed Edible Schoolyard, where schoolchildren can learn how to grow food naturally and appreciate its importance as well as nutritional value. Did you know buying food directly from farmers helps them retain a greater portion of their retail costs? These costs are typically taken over by â€Å"middlemen† firms, which results in even higher profits for the big fast food corporations. Buying locally grown produced directly by farmers helps them preserve and better sustain their rural communities as well. In addition, you are getting fresh, nutritious and healthy food at lower costs compared to those sold by fast food companies. In May 2011, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) introduced its new online Food Desert Locator. Tom Vilsack in an official press release explained that this new tool would help professionals recognize those communities where healthy food is very limited and expensive and private-public interventions would be able to provide fresh, affordable and healthy food to these communities. According to a calculation made by a Swedish researcher in 1993, the ingredients that he had found in the Scandinavian table: bread, butter, coffee, cheese, apple, orange juice, cream and sugar; traveled a distance of 24,900 miles, which is equivalent to the circumference of our planet. This is the reason you’ll often hear people talking about â€Å"food miles† in the US, UK and Western Europe, where the food movement is a common topic of discussion. In 2014, the International Food Information Council conducted a survey in which subjects were asked what they prefer to see on product labels? Out of 8% of people who responded to the survey, half said they wanted biotechnology specs mentioned on labels while the other half of them wanted to see some processing information or a source of the product. This clearly indicates there isn’t adequate knowledge available to the open public about the food movement and its benefits to people. In simple words, the food movement is not as large as it is considered by many people. The Ketchum study conducted in 2015 indicated that consumers are becoming more aware of what’s nutritionally best for them and what isn’t. However, organic products only account for 5 percent of the total food market. This is justified by the hard data (what people actually buy), which clearly shows that old habits die hard and it may take some time to really â€Å"build a taste for it† and appreciate organic products rather than processed foods. There you go! These top 10 facts will surely help you to write an amazing essay on the rise and fall of the food movement. Next up, you’ll be supported with the second part of the guide where you’ll find 20 different topics to write a cause and effect essay on the subject. It will also include a sample essay to help you get along. Finally, we’ll introduce you to our third guide 3 patterns to write a stellar cause and effect essay. References: Thrupp, L.A. 1997. Linking biodiversity and agriculture: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable food security. World Resources Institute, USA. Martinez, S., et al. 2010. Local food systems: Concepts, impacts, and issues. United States Department of Agriculture: Economic Research Report, No. 97. Gale, F. 1997. Direct Farm Marketing as a Rural Development Tool. Rural Development Perspective, 12. pp. 19-25. Organic Trade Association, Web Accessed March 2015. How are animals raised organically?. Roberts, Alison, July 2009. Carol Petrini: The slow food tsar. The Independent. independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/carlo-petrini-the-slow-food-tsar-427783.html The WorldWatch Institute, 2011. State of the World, Innovations that Nourish the Planet. Broad, G. (2016). Food Systems, Food Movements, Food Justice. In More Than Just Food: Food Justice and Community Change (pp. 33-59) University of California Press.

The Story of the Septuagint Bible and the Name Behind It

The Story of the Septuagint Bible and the Name Behind It The Septuagint Bible arose in the 3rd century B.C., when the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, was translated into Greek. The name Septuagint derives from the Latin word septuaginta, which means 70. The Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible is called Septuagint because 70 or 72 Jewish scholars reportedly took part in the translation process. The scholars worked in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-247 B.C.), according to the Letter of Aristeas to his brother Philocrates. They assembled to translate the Hebrew Old Testament into the Greek language because Koine Greek began to supplant Hebrew as the language most commonly spoken by the Jewish people during the Hellenistic Period. Aristeas determined that 72 scholars took part in the Hebrew-to-Greek Bible translation by calculating six elders for each of the 12 tribes of Israel. Adding to the legend and symbolism of the number is the idea that the translation was created in 72 days, according to The Biblical Archaeologist article, Why Study the Septuagint? written by Melvin K. H. Peters in 1986. Calvin J. Roetzel states in The World That Shaped the New Testament that the original Septuagint only contained the Pentateuch. The Pentateuch is the Greek version of the Torah, which consists of the first five books of the Bible. The text chronicles the Israelites from creation to the leave-taking of Moses. The specific books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Later versions of the Septuagint included the other two sections of the Hebrew Bible, Prophets and Writings. Roetzel discusses a latter-day embellishment to the Septuagint legend, which today probably qualifies as a miracle: Not only did 72 scholars working independently make separate translations in 70 days, but these translations agreed in every detail. Featured Thursdays Term to Learn. The Septuagint is also known as: LXX. Example of Septuagint in a Sentence The Septuagint contains Greek idioms that express events differently from the way they were expressed in the Hebrew Old Testament. The term Septuagint is sometimes used to refer to any Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. Books of the Septuagint GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuthKings (Samuel) IKings (Samuel) IIKings IIIKings IVParalipomenon (Chronicles) IParalipomenon (Chronicles) IIEsdras IEsdras I (Ezra)NehemiahPsalms of DavidPrayer of ManassehProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SolomonJobWisdom of SolomonWisdom of the Son of SirachEstherJudithTobitHoseaAmosMicahJoelObadiahJonahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiIsaiahJeremiahBaruchLamentations of JeremiahEpistles of JeremiahEzekialDanielSong of the Three ChildrenSusannaBel and the DragonI MaccabeesII MaccabeesIII Maccabees

IRB Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IRB Critique - Essay Example My proposed dissertation research study is made up of mixed method design, with one dominant and one secondary components of data collection. The proposed quantitative research will facilitate me with my investigation on how the academic performance of a student coincides with the job fulfillment of a teacher. In this concurrent study design, the proposed qualitative method will allow me to test specific hypothesis that will affirm my research inquiries in a moderate sample size of educators. In line with this, the following are formulated: (a) Proposed qualitative survey to be shelled out to a random sample composed of 25 K - 12 teachers, and (2) proposed structured formal personality test to be conducted to the 25 chosen participants. The research will conducted at one of the six schools in the county. Surveys and the Myers Briggs will be administered before the conclusion of the seminar. The survey will be a maximum time of 10 minutes and the MBTI will be a maximum time of 45 minutes ***May you give me some pointers with this? Totally confused *** The proposed research study will be conducted to one of the six schools in the county. Prior to the conclusion of the seminar, surveys and the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) will be administered separately. A maximum time of 10 minutes will be spent for the survey, and a maximum time of 45 minutes for MBTI. The data gathered thru the survey and MBTI will be recorded, incorporated, and analyzed by the researcher. The result of this investigation will determine the teachers’ personality and job satisfaction. Inclusion: My population will be K-12 educators (both men and women) of various ages and years of experience. 2 teachers from each grade level with one opening for a vocational or fine arts teacher. (I don’t get this). Inclusion: This study will focus on the K - 12 teachers of both sexes, and of various age

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 26

Human Resource Management - Essay Example This was because in my sociology studies I had learned that culture was something that occurred naturally and not necessarily a HRM practice. In reality, I did not think that organizational culture had anything to do with the success or failure of an organization and to me the insistence on culture was overrated. People from diverse cultures might understand the same situation in various ways. Productivity may rise in a multicultural work environment as each employee brings diverse talents and skills that can be used to solve challenges. One thing that I did not understand was how these differences could bring about conflict in the work place (Schizas, 2009). In order to understand exactly how culture is crucial to the success of an organization, I studied IBM. IBM is a multinational corporation that has over 400,000 employees and in various parts of the world. My major reason for choosing IBM is because the company has a big presence in Asia and this means that the business practices that are applied in the United States are not likely to be applicable in Asia or Africa and this call for a change in the organizational culture. My main reason for undertaking this study is to find out exactly if organizational culture is important to the organization in trying to achieve its financial goals. To achieve my objective, I will look at the existing literature on organizational culture and how it affects businesses. I will however pay close attention to IBM especially on the changes that they have made in their organizational culture with a view to establishing if this has borne any fruits or not. Along the way, I will also be looking at some of the changes that the company has undertaken in order to realign its HR practices and strategies to enable it to move away from its traditional methods and to adopt new approaches. In the research, I will also seek to establish some of the common errors that are

Discourse on Method Essay Example for Free

Discourse on Method Essay Are there any identical restrictions on the ways in which human beings may use and treat nonhuman animals? If so, what are they and how are they considered morally justified? In this philosophical enterprise, I will first review three standard responses to these questions and briefly indicate why none of them is entirely satisfactory. Afterwards, I will elucidate what axioms should be adopted as the kernel of truth in each of three responses, and finally juxtapose them into the fourth axiom, which is more adequate position. In so doing, I will argue the importance, from an ethical point of view, of further inquiry into the nature and extent of consciousness in nonhuman animals. Historically, Western philosophers have established three postulates explaining the validity of using and treating nonhuman animals in experiment disregarding the questions about its nature and its extent of ethical restrictions. One, they argue on the basis of our indirect obligation to animals maintaining that act of expending animals for different experiments is only impermissible if and only if we have a direct obligation. Two, humans do not have any obligation to animals, and given this fact humans can do whatever they want with animals. And lastly, direct obligation posits that ethical restrictions on the use of animals are possible only on the basis of considering their sake. Among the most noted philosophers in the western tradition, St. Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant have acknowledged restrictions on human conduct with regard to the utility and treatment of animals, but these restrictions are, in their stance, ultimately grounded upon the obligation to other human beings, and to animals. Amalgamating views that can be traced both to the Bible and Aristotle, Aquinas held a hierarchical or means-ends view of the interplay between plants, animals, and humans respectively: There is no sin in using a thing for the purpose of which it is. Now the order of things is such that the imperfect are for the perfect†¦ things, like plants which merely have life, are alike for animals, and all animals for man. Wherefore, it is not unlawful if men use plants for the good of animals, and animals for the good of man, as the Philosopher states (Politics i. 3) Nevertheless, it does not follow for Aquinas, that one can do anything to an animal. For example, one is still prohibited from killing another person’s ox because this will be an act of injury other’s property, which is an undeniable act of theft or robbery. And there may even be similarly indirect grounds for not harming animals that are no one’s property. Thus, Aquinas explains, if any passages of Holy Writ seem to forbid us to be cruel to dumb animals, for instance to kill a bird with its young: this is either to remove man’s thoughts from being cruel to other men, and lest through being cruel to animals one become cruel to human beings: or because injury to an animal leads to the temporal hurt of man, either of the doer of the deed, or of another. Kant also held such position insofar as humans obligated to restrain themselves in their dealings with animals due to their obligations to other humans. Thus, So far as animals are concerned, we have no direct duties. Animals are not self-conscious and are there merely as means to an end. That end is man†¦ our duties towards animals is merely indirect duties towards humanity. Animal nature has analogies to human nature, and by doing our duties to animals in respect to manifestations of human nature, we indirectly do our duty to humanity†¦ If†¦ any acts of animal are analogous to human acts and spring from the same principles. We have duties towards animals because thus we cultivate the same duties towards human beings. If a man shoot his dog because the animal is no longer capable of service, he does not fail in his duty to the dog, for the dog cannot judge, but his act is inhuman and damages in itself that humanity which it is his duty to show towards mankind. The arguments provided by these philosophers validate the philosophical perspective incorporated in the axiom of indirect obligation. Albeit the fact that we are in a way have obligations to animals, this should not be misconstrued as obligations that humans owed to the animals but rather these obligations are owed to humanity. Nonetheless, there are significant problems with Aquinas and Kant’s conjectures, at least in their present forms. First, insofar as Aquinas assumes that it is necessary for humans to use animals for food and hence to deprive them of life, his position must be reconsidered in the light of modern knowledge about nutrition. It has been maintained, for example, that a perfectly nutritious diet may require little or no deprivation of animal life and, even if it does, that the average American consumes twice as much animal protein as his/her body can possibly use . To such an extent, we continue to consume large quantities of animal foodstuff requiring pain and the deprivation of life, then. We do so, not so much to serve vital nutritional demands, but rather to indulge our acquired tastes. Secondly, insofar as Aquinas’ view is based upon hierarchical worldview and presupposes that those lower in the order or less perfect are to serve good of those higher or more perfect, it is open to a serious theoretical objection. Unfortunately, it is not difficult to imagine that a group of beings ? perhaps from another part of the universe ? who are more rational and more perfect than we. Let say that such beings are impeccable than we are, it seems to follow, if we adopt the principles underlying Aquinas’ stance, that we ought to acquiesce in their using us for whichever of their purposes they fancy we would serve. But do we want to agree with the rightness of this? And if we take Aquinas’ standpoint, would we have any grounds on which to disagree. As for Kant’s view, the main difficulties have to do first with his emphasis on self-consciousness as a condition for being the object of a direct obligation, and second with his assumption that all and only human beings are self-conscious. I will postpone consideration of the first difficulty until later. For the moment, let me simply develop the second. Even supposing that self-consciousness is a necessary condition for the being the object of direct obligation, it does not follow either that all human beings are the object direct obligations or that no animal can be the object of such obligation. First, advances in the medical knowledge, techniques, and technology have, among other things, preserved and prolonged the lives of a number of human beings who are severely retarded or otherwise mentally impaired due to illness or accident. In our day, then, if not in Kant’s, one cannot assume that all human beings are self-conscious. Second, some contemporary researchers have suggested that at least some non-human animals have a capacity to become self-conscious that has, until recently, been undetected or ignored by men. Whence, even if we follow Kant and accept self-consciousness as a condition for being the object of direct obligations, it is does not follow that all and only humans satisfy this condition. Some humans, it may turn out, will not be the objects of direct obligations and some animals will. If animals are not conscious, that is, if they are not sentient and have no capacity for pleasure, pain, or any mental conditions, they may not even be the objects of indirect obligations. Insofar as Aquinas says that it is possible to be â€Å"cruel to dumb animals† and Kant says that â€Å"he who is cruel to animals becomes hard in dealings with men,† each presupposes that animals, unlike plants and machines, are sentient and are thereby capable of sensation and consciousness. Thus it is surprising to find Rene Descartes comparing animals to machines. Nevertheless, this is just what he did in Discourse on Method when he compared machines made by the hand of man with human and nonhuman animal bodies made by the hand of God: From this aspect the body is regarded as a machine which, having been made by the hands of God, is incomparably better arranged, and possesses in itself movements which are much more admirable than any of those which can be invented by man. † Living human bodies were, for Descartes, distinguished from living animal bodies by the presence of an immortal soul which was a prerequisite for mental experiences. Without a soul, a biological body was a natural automaton, â€Å"much more splendid†, but in kind no different from machines. For Descartes, the criterion for dichotomizing those living bodies which were ensouled from those which were not was the capacity to use language. The former, he posited, included all and only human beings. , there are none so depraved and stupid, without even exempting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be which can do the same. Insofar as Descartes’ position presupposes that all and only human beings have the capacity to use language, it is open to the same sort of criticisms and objections that we raised against Kant. That is, advancements in medicine are providing more nonlinguistic humans and advances in science are suggesting that at least some nonhuman creatures have more linguistic facility than we previously assumed. Moreover, even the if Descartes were correct on his reasoning that the capacity to use language is uniquely human, why should this, rather than the capacity to feel pain and experience distress, be the principal criterion for determining the nature and extent of ethical restrictions on the expenditure and treatment of animals? It is this objection which sets the stage for positions which hold that humans have direct obligations to at least some animals. Jeremy Bentham argues that pain and pleasure were what governed behavior and that any ethical system which was founded on anything but maximizing the net balance of pleasure over pain, dealt in â€Å"sounds instead of sense, in caprice instead of reason, in darkness instead of light. † Every action for Bentham was to be assessed in terms of its likelihood of maximizing the net balance of happiness. But, he noted, if the capacity to experience pleasure and pain was what qualified one to be taken into account in estimating the effects of various courses of action, then nonhuman as well as human animals would have to be taken into account insofar as they, too, had the capacity to experience pleasure and pain. Thus, for Bentham, it is sentience, or capacity for pleasure and pain, that determines whether a being qualifies for mortal consideration. The question now is what grounds we have to consider that animals do suffer from our â€Å"cruel† acts. In response to such question, one holding a utilitarian direct obligation theory must show why individuals believe that animals are conscious. There are number of ways one might go about this. One, one could stress behavioral similarities between men and animals in their respective responses to certain standard pain and pleasure producing stimuli. Comparing the behavior of animals to infants would be valid indication of such similarities. Two, we could stress relevant neuropsychological similarities between humans and animals. The fundamental insight of indirect obligation theories is their recognition of difference between simple and reflective consciousness. Beings having only simple consciousness can experience pain, have desires, and make choices. But they are not capable of reflecting upon their experiences, desires, and choices and altering their behavior as a result of self-conscious evaluation and deliberation. Beings who can do this I will, following John Locke, label â€Å"persons†. A person, in Locke’s stance, is â€Å"A thinking intelligent being that has reason and reflection and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places. † although they are mistaken in believing that the class of human beings, indirect obligation theorists were correct to emphasize the social status of persons. For only persons are capable of tracing the consequences and implications of various courses of action and then deliberating and deciding to embark on one rather than another on grounds other than self-interest. To do this is part of what it means to have a morality, and it is the capacity for taking the moral pint of view (that is, voluntarily restricting one’s appetite or desire for the sake of others) that gives the person their special worth. The fundamental point of Descartes’ no obligation axiom was to recognize the connection between the development and exercise of language. As Stuart Hampshire has recently pointed out, although people often associate the use of language primarily with communication, â€Å"language’s more distinctive and far-reaching power is to bring possibilities before the mind. Culture has its principal source in the use of the word ‘if’ in counterfactual speculation†. Only language, then, gives us the power to construct complex unrealized possibilities. Therefore, a being cannot be considered a person without the incorporation of language in human psyche. Finally, the fundamental argument of direct obligation principles was to note that one need not be a person to be the object of a moral obligation. Simple consciousness and sentience is sufficient to entitle a being to be considered for its own sake in the ethical deliberations of persons. If, for example, the capacity to feel pain is sufficient for prima facie obligation not to cause gratuitous pain to persons, why it is not also valid ground for a similar obligation not to cause pain to animals? With regard to the evil of avoidable and unjustifiable pain, the question is, as Bentham emphasized, not â€Å"Can they reason nor can they talk? † but, â€Å"can they suffer? † Putting all of this together, we can say that persons, who are characterized as possessing reflective consciousness, may have a higher status than beings having only simple consciousness. Their special worth is a function of the extent to which they use language â€Å"to bring possibilities before the mind† and then restrain their more trivial desires for the sake of not harming others whom they recognize, from the moral point of view, as their equals in certain respects. Among the beings whose interests must be taken into account for their own sake in the moral deliberations of persons are beings possessing only simple consciousness. To the extent that persons reluctantly cause pains, suffering, and even death to beings possessing simple consciousness in order to meet important needs, what they do may be justified by appeal to their higher status or greater worth. But, to the extent that persons inflict avoidable pain and suffering on such beings merely to satisfy certain trivial tastes or desires, they pervert their greater capacities. In so doing, they ironically undermine their claim to higher status or worth and thereby weaken any justification they may have had for sacrificing beings having only simple consciousness for important ends. References: Aquinas, S. T. (1981). Summa Theologica (F. o. t. E. D. Province, Trans. ): Christian Classics. Bentham, J. (1988). The Principles of Morals and Legislation: Prometheus Books. Descartes, R. (1999). Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy (Fourth ed. ): Hackett Pub Co Inc. Hampshire, S. (1979). Human Nature. New York Review of Books. Kant, I. (1963). Lectures on Ethics (L. Infield, Trans. ): Harper and Row. Lappe, F. M. (1975). Fantasies and Famine: Harper and Row. Locke, J. (1994). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Prometheus Books. Velasquez, M. (1985). Ethics Theory and Practice: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Reconstruction of Agency and Humanity in Female Protagonists Essay

Lutchmee and Dilloo: A Story of West Indian Life by Edward Jenkins was the first attempt to influence public opinion against the indenture servitude system by making the victims into characters that the reader could empathize with. Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys explores the one-dimensional character, Bertha Mason of Bronte’s Jane Eyre. In her version Rhys attempts to develop Antoinette into an individual and portray her not as the Madwoman from the attic, but as a victim of the external forces of a patriarchal society. Both texts plead for the humanity of their female protagonist, with the intent of having the reader see them as full human beings. Where in one text the writer successfully portrays the protagonist as a human being deserving of sympathy, the other has aspects of form and literary elements that threaten and ultimately fails to provide the objective stated by the writer himself. In Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys gives new life and identity to Bronte’s Bertha Mason as the protagonist Antoinette Cosway. The novel opens to Antoinette’s narration, â€Å"They say when trouble comes close ranks, and so the white people did. But we were not in their ranks. The Jamaican ladies had never approved of my mother, ‘because she pretty like pretty self’ Christophine said†. In those first sentences, Antoinette faces issues of identity within two cultures. She distinguishes herself from the white people, referencing that in that society there is a hierarchy of power among the white creoles. Her rank limits her ability to claim whiteness, for she is the daughter of a now impoverished family. However, in noting Christophine, who serves as the only mother-like figure hints that Antoinette’s beliefs are shaped by those of the black society she... ...tchmee and Dilloo: A Story of West Indian Life . Vol. 1. London: W. Mullan & Son, 1877. Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine . Web. 29 Mar. 2012. . Jenkins, Edward. Lutchmee and Dilloo: A Story of West Indian Life . Vol. 2. London: W. Mullan & Son, 1877. Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine . Web. 29 Mar. 2012. . Jenkins, Edward. Lutchmee and Dilloo: A Story of West Indian Life . Vol. 3. London: W. Mullan & Son, 1877. Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine . Web. 29 Mar. 2012. . Rhys, Jean, and Francis Wyndham. Wide Sargasso Sea . New York: Norton, 1992. Print.

Creative Deviance: Apple Org Chart Essay

One of the major functions of an organization hierarchy is to increase standardization and control for top managers. Using the chain command, managers can direct the activities of subordinates toward a common purpose. If the right person with a creative vision is in charge of a hierarchy, the results can be phenomenal. Until Steve Jobs’ regrettable passing in October 2011, Apple had used a strongly top-down creative process in which most major decisions and innovations flowed directly through Jobs and then were delegated to sub-teams as specific assignments to complete. Then there is creative evidence, in which individuals create extremely successful products despite being told by senior management to stop working on them. The electrostatic displays used in more half of Hewlett-Packard’s instruments, the tape slitter that was one of the most important process innovations in 3M’s history, and Nichia’s development of multi-billion-dollar LED bright lighting technology were all officially rejected by the management hierarchy. In all these cases, an approach like Apple’s would have shut down some of the most successful products these companies ever produced. Doing â€Å"business as usual† can become such an imperative in a hierarchical organization that new ideas are seen as Threats rather than Opportunities for development. It’s not immediately apparent why top-down decision making works so well for one highly creative company like Apple, while hierarchy nearly ruined innovations at several other organizations. It may be that Apple’s structure is actually quite simple, with relatively few layers and a great deal of responsibility placed on each individual for his or her own outcomes. Or it may be that Apple simply had a very unique leader who was able to rise above the conventional structures of a CEO to create a culture of constant innovation. Do you think it’s possible for an organization to deliberately create an â€Å"anti-hierarchy† to encourage employees to engage in more acts of creative deviance? What steps might a company take to encourage creative deviance?

Color Marking Assignment

Motherhood: Ma, since Steinbeck first described her is a goddess woman in the book. In this chapter, the motherhood is displayed by Ma. As she has to say good bye to Tom, the child for whom she has shown the most affection, she is sorrowful. â€Å"I wanna touch ya again, Tom. †¦ I wanna remember, even if it’s on’y my fingers that remember. You got to go away, Tom. † And she also gave him 7 dollars. 7 dollars, at that time in such a terrible environment, 7 dollars is huge number, she gave to Tom, because she‘s worry about him. You take the money†¦You got no right to cause me pain†. John Steinbeck is using this motherhood to praise the great love mother has been giving to their children. Even in the worst condition, even in the bad situation, they still willing to love their children and love them more than love anyone else. Tom’s thinking: Maybe reader has sensed the change in Tom’s character. His soul and spirit is growing sinc e the capture of Casy. Here, Steinbeck writes out the thought of Tom during that period to inform reader what Tom is thinking is all about Casy. He is thinking about all what Casy said. â€Å"But now I been thinkin’ what he said, an’ I can remember –all of it. † He also realize what Casy said that â€Å"a fella ain’t got a soul of his own, but on’y a piece of a big one. † Tom’s thinking also helps to foreshadowing the decision Tom made which is to continue what Casy had done later in the chapter. Tom’s decision: Here, in the cave, Tom told Ma his decision. He plans to continue and hopefully finished the work that Casy started. Tom wants to organize a strike to bring out the fair wage. John Steinbeck use Tom’s decision finally complete his character portraying for Tom since Tom is at his closest point to being self actualized. And at this point Steinbeck also helps reader to find out how a soul has been growing during the harsh time and suggests that Tom is one of the million people who has gone through these and realized the â€Å"a fella ain’t got a soul of his own, but on’y a piece of a big soul†. Description: Steinbeck uses a lot detail description in this chapter. As Ma setting out ot find Tom â€Å"The movement stopped, and after a long moment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ that it might have been a stump. Here, Steinbeck helps reader understand that after Tom killed two cops and Casy’s death, Tom is living like a rabbit. Tom is hiding and staying along so that he can think and decide to continue what Casy had started. Then Steinbeck also use detail description â€Å" Her reaching hand found his head in the blackness and her fingers moved down to his nose, and then over his left cheek. † This shows reader the love Ma has giving to Tom, the greatness of mothers’ love which Steinbeck intend to express.

Nummerberg Trials-Unjust essays

Nummerberg Trials-Unjust essays After World War II, the victorious Allies decided to hold a trial for the defeated Nazis. These trials lasted from November 20, 1945 till October 1, 1946. Although the victors claimed that they would give the accused a fair trial, upon closer inspection we can see that in reality, these trials were biased and were a victors justice. After the war, each of the Allies leaders had their own idea for how they should deal with the Nazis. Stalin suggested that they should have trials, but here everyone is guilty and afterwards is shot. What then would be the point of having a trial then? It would just appear as a play before they would perform their actual intentions. He may have suggested this also so that he could say that they were fair because they gave them a trial-but what sort of trial? Churchill even said that they should just be lined up and shot. If the leaders of the Allies were saying such things, how could we even expect the trials to be unbiased then? Each allied country had its own persecutors. All the judges at the trials came from the victorious countries as well. Most of the judges were American or Russian. During the trials, the Americans put American justice over International Justice. It was wrong and unfair however to do such a thing because those who were guilty didnt even come from the United States? Since the trials were supposed to be international in scope, they shouldnt be following the justice of one country, but rather international justice. Although the Americans were applying American justice to the trials, they didnt even follow their constitution while doing so. The US constitution states that laws cannot be made post-facto, but in Nuremberg, they created these laws (for example, crimes against humanity, and waging aggressive war) after the Germans had committed them. It is wrong however to charge defendants with crimes ...

A Realistic Assessment of a Marine Biologists Earning Potential

A Realistic Assessment of a Marine Biologist's Earning Potential Do you think you want to be a marine biologist? An important consideration might be what amount youll earn. It is a tricky question, as marine biologists perform a variety of jobs, and what they are paid depends on what they do, who employs them, their level of education, and experience. What Does a Marine Biologist's Job Entail? The term marine biologist is a very general term for someone who studies or works with animals or plants that live in salt water. There are thousands of species of marine life, so while some marine biologists do well-recognized jobs like training marine mammals, the vast majority of marine biologists do other things. This includes studying the deep sea, working in aquariums, teaching at a college or university, or even studying the tiny microbes in the ocean. Some jobs may involve tasks as odd as studying whale poop  or whale breath. What Is a Marine Biologist's Salary? Because the jobs of a marine biologist are so wide-ranging, their salary is also. A person that has focused on marine biology in college may first get an entry-level technician job helping a researcher in a lab or in the field (or rather, out in the ocean). These jobs may pay an hourly wage (sometimes minimum wage) and may or may not come with benefits. Jobs in marine biology are competitive, so often a potential marine biologist will need to get experience through a volunteer position or internship before they can get a paying job. To get additional experience, marine biology majors may want to get a job on a boat (e.g., as a crew member or naturalist) or even at a veterinarians office where they can learn more about anatomy and working with animals. More established marine biologists may earn from about $35,000 to about $80,000 annually. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median pay in 2017 was $62,290, but they lump the marine biologists in with all zoologists and wildlife biologists. In many organizations and universities, a marine biologist will have to write grants to supply funding for their salaries.  Those working in non-profit organizations may need to assist with other types of fundraising in addition to grants, such as meeting with donors or running fundraising events. Should You Become a Marine Biologist? Most marine biologists  do their jobs because they love the work. It is a benefit in itself, even though compared to some other jobs, they dont make a lot of money, and the work is not always steady. So you should weigh the benefits of a job as a marine biologist (e.g., often working outside, travel opportunities, trips to exotic locations, working with marine life) with the fact that jobs in marine biology generally pay fairly modestly. The job outlook for 2016-2026 showed positions for wildlife biologists were expected to grow at a rate of eight percent, which is approximately as fast as for all jobs in general. Many positions are funded from government sources, so they are limited by ever-changing governmental budgets. You will need to be good at science and biology to complete the education necessary to become a marine biologist.  You need at least a bachelors degree, and for many positions, they will prefer a person with a masters degree or doctorate. That will entail many years of advanced study and tuition expenses. Even if you dont choose marine biology as a career, you still may get to work with marine life. Many aquariums, zoos, rescue and rehabilitation organizations, and conservation organizations look for volunteers, and some positions may involve working directly with, or at least on behalf of, marine life.

Funding Alternatives for City Hall Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Funding Alternatives for City Hall - Term Paper Example The city enjoys net capital assets of about 57.9 million dollars, general fund of about 14.4 million dollars and debts running up to 35.4 million dollars. According to the city’s financial statements, per capita income is about 1, 697 dollars. The city requires more finances to fund expansion plans, provide vital services and clear the outstanding debts. Several measures are being put in place to make good use of the available assets. Some of the vital projects at hand include; public works yard, city hall and a public safety building. The main areas of sourcing for finances are revenue bonds, general obligation bonds and limited general obligation bonds. The development objective is the drop in the challenges that the city faces and its causes through partnership approach that is harmonized by the city authorities. The first phase of the project was to conduct a survey which will provide a source of reference for the formulation of strategy by defining the various funding options, including an identification of the key components and actors for effective completion of the highlighted projects. Sustainable livelihoods are those that are built on a scheme that offer a way for survival without exposing the natural reserve base. In this regard, one of the strategic areas of focus of the city’s framework and the residents is transparent resource management. The program focuses on the city levels on improving management structures to make them more receptive to the needs of the people, reinforce participation of citizen and aid groups to relate more efficiently with authorities. The City of Maitland is faced with formidable challen ges of rapid urban growth, diminishing resources and increasing global competition, all of which result in the challenges within the city’s administration. Nonetheless, the authorities have demonstrated an inspiring level of elasticity and capacity to contain the challenges as a sign of good

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Film - Essay Example Essentially considering which specific context would inspire the film to convey its core substance and value, Linklater and the rest of the filmmaking body could have schemed for direction and production on account of the city structure of Paris, the significance of open spaces within this big city, as well as the use of mixed concepts involving places whose functions are distinct from each other. Paris had shaped and created a colourful indispensable mark in the world history as much as the mother nation had so that through it, one would gain ease and good point of recollecting the period of Renaissance or the age of Enlightenment across Europe where fields like arts, literature, music, and philosophy flourished upon the emergence of intellectuals. To this day, the essence of creativity and critical thinking lives on in a manner that encourages a culture of thinkers to run the course of nature which apparently determines the mild rustic look of Paris, as a whole, though it is widely known to the world for its high sense of fashion. Its preserved humble yet classical structure occurs as the leading ground behind how the city manages to remain conducive for intellectual sort of reflections among real individuals whose roles might probably be those assumed by Jesse and Celine. Watching â€Å"Before Sunset† with intent look into the general structure of the city, the audi ence may naturally recognize the feel of society that lacks industrial appeal or some technological approach of projecting the theme, for the thematic relevance that proceeds along the conversation of the couple seems intimately connected to the historical roots of civilization. The structural worth of the city provides context to a depth of insight possessed by the main act of exchanging words from point to point where no high-rise postmodern constructions blend in so as to secure the notion that the city is at the level close to the view of humanism rather than industrialism. On the other

See the dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

See the dis - Essay Example Those affected have their health state affected and boosting their activity by making their bones strong and health (47). Unhealthy feeling contributes to mental disturbance especially when the disease seems to fall out of hand. From my perspective, this selection is critical from the so far dangers associated with osteoporosis. Notably, this realization will go a long way in reducing the number of dependants, increasing per capita, and the general GDP. Alongside healing the disease and making the affected healthy, economic boost should be seen as a reason for customers to buy. This is of value since economic progress is key to every country especially when the progress has health backing. Health nation means a wealthy nation. To a potential employer, providing me with employment will play a critical role in contributing to the already realized company’s success. Of importance, realization of a product that seeks to heal a controversial disease means that as the product gets known to the public, the company’s reputation is promoted. The potential employer must understand that the company will get global with the product. Additionally, chances of other realizations are extremely high meaning that the growth of such a company is

Theories of Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment

Theories of Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment Job satisfaction Job satisfaction can be described as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the individual’s job or job experiences (Locke, 1976). Job satisfaction is a topic of wide interest to both people who work in organisations and people who study them. It is a most frequently studied variable in organisational behaviour research, and also a central variable in both research and theory of organisational phenomena ranging from job design to supervision (Spector, 1997). Traditionally, job satisfaction focuses on the feelings that an individual has about their job. However, what makes a job satisfying or dissatisfying does not depend only on the nature of the job, but also on the expectations that individuals have of what their job should provide (Lu, While Barriball, 2004). Organisational Commitment Organisational commitment has been defined as the degree to which employees believe in and accept organisational goals and desire to remain with the organisation (Mathis Jackson, 2000). Similarly, Wright and Noe (1996) defined organisational commitment as â€Å"the degree or extent to which employees strongly identify with the organisation and feel attached to it.† Although there are a variety of different definitions for organisational commitment, they all share the view that organisational commitment is a psychological state that characterises an employee’s relationship with their organisation and has implications for that employee continuing membership in the organisation (Meyer Allen, 1997). However, what differs among these definitions is the nature of the psychological state being described (Mowday, Steers Porter, 1979; Wiener, 1982). In order to acknowledge the different psychological states,Meyer and Allen (1991)developed a three-component model of organisati onal commitment. The first component is affective commitment, which refers to an employee’s â€Å"emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in an organisation† (Meyer Allen, 1991). The second component is continuance commitment, which involves the employee’s perceptions of the costs associated with leaving an organisation. The last component is normative commitment, which refers to an employee’s feelings of obligation to stay in the organisation. Organisational Citizenship Behaviours Organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) are voluntary employee behaviours that are not formally rewarded by the organisation, but contribute to either the success of the whole organisation or to the well-being of other employees (Borman Motowidlo, 1993). Examples of OCBs include: helping colleagues with their work, helping new members of staff, talking positively about the organisation to outsiders, and voluntarily going to functions that help the organisation’s image (Lee Allen, 2002). Research on OCB’s have shown that they are important as they improve both individual level (Rotundo Sackett, 2002) and organisational-level performance outcomes (Podsakoff, Whiting, Podsakoff, Blume, 2009). It has been suggested that there are five different categories of OCBs including altruism, courtesy conscientiousness, civic virtue, and sportsmanship (Organ, 1988). Furthermore, OCBs have been divided into two different types. Williams and Anderson (1991) divided up the dime nsions based on who the behaviours were directed towards. If the behaviour was directed towards other individuals in the workplace, there were classified as Organisational citizenship behaviour–individuals (OCBI), while behaviours directed at the organisation as a whole were classified as organisational citizenship behaviour-organisational (OCBO). For example, categories of OCBs such as altruism and courtesy are actions aimed at other employees and would therefore be classified as OCBIs.Whereas, conscientiousness, civic virtue, and sportsmanship are behaviours intended for the benefit of the organisation and would therefore be considered as OCBOs. Core Self-Evaluation sub-traits and their relation to organisational citizenship behaviour, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. There are a lack of studies linking the core self-evaluations factor to organisational citizenship behaviours. However, three of the core traits: self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability, are the most widely studied personality traits in personality and applied psychology (Judge Bono, 2001). In total, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability have been the subject of more than 50,000 studies (Judge et al, 2002). Self-esteem is used to describe an individual’s overall self-evaluation of their competencies (Rosenberg, 1965). Simply put, self-esteem is a personal evaluation which reflects what people think of themselves as individuals. For example, Korman (1970) states that self-esteem reflects the degree to which the individual â€Å"sees themselves as a competent, need-satisfying individual†. Therefore, an individual with high self-esteem has a â€Å"sense of personal adequacy and a sense of having achieved need satisfaction in the past† (Korman, 1966). As well as the reflecting component of self-esteem, Pelham and Swann (1989) explain that self-esteem also consists of an affective (liking/disliking) component. For example, individuals with high self-esteem like who and what they are; agreeing with statements such as â€Å"I am a person of worth, on an equal plane with others† and â€Å"I am satisfied with myself† (Rosenberg, 1965). Overall, it is the self-e valuation and descriptive conceptualisation that individuals make and maintain about themselves. Locus of control refers to an individuals’ perception of the main causes of events in life. It can be divided into two categories: internal locus of control and external locus of control. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that they have control over the events and consequences associated with their lives, such as control over their own destinies. Therefore, they believe that the majority of their life experiences are determined by their own skills, abilities, and efforts. Whereas those with an external locus of control believe that life events are the result of circumstances outside their control. They believe that their destinies are controlled by external forces such as luck, chance, fate, or powerful others (Paulhus, 1983; Rotter, 1966). Emotional stability or neuroticism is perhaps the most enduring personality concept in psychology, as it is one of the dimensions of the widely studied five-factor model of personality. There are thousands of studies on the topic and the entire field of psychoanalysis and clinical psychology might be traced to the study of neurotic symptoms (Freud, 1910). Emotional stability represents individual differences in the tendency to experience distress (McCrae John, 1992). Typical behaviours associated with this factor include being anxious, depressed, angry, embarrassed, emotional, worried, and insecure (Barrick Mount, 1991). Generalised self-efficacy is described as an individual’s estimate of their fundamental ability to cope, perform, and be successful. This can be seen as the ability to persist and a persons ability to succeed with a task. As an example, self-efficacy directly relates to how long someone will stick to a workout regime or a diet. High and low self-efficacy determine whether or not someone will choose to take on a challenging task or write it off as impossible. Relation of Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Generalised Self-Efficacy to Job Satisfaction. Judge et al. (1997) hypothesised that core self-evaluations would be related to job satisfaction through both direct and indirect means. Indeed, Judge et al (1998) found that the four traits, treated as a single latent construct, were significantly related to job satisfaction. This study also found that self-esteem, generalised self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism were each independently significantly correlated with job satisfaction. Therefore, suggesting both direct and indirect links with job satisfaction. Despite the vast amount of research on dispositions and job satisfaction, Judge and Bono (2001) found there were no meta-analysis of the relationship between any of the four traits and job satisfaction. The relationships of these traits to job satisfaction had been discussed in reviews of the literature with respect to self-esteem (Tharenou, 1979), locus of control (Spector, 1982), and emotional stability (Furnham Zacherl, 1986), however the size and extent of these relationships, and the variability in these relationships across studies, had not been established. Therefore, Judge and Bono (2001) conducted a meta-analysis of 169 correlations. The found that the correlations of the core traits with job satisfaction ranged from 0.24 for emotional stability to 0.45 for generalised self-efficacy. All of these correlations generalised across studies (more than 90% of the individual correlations were greater than zero). Other research has also supported these finding, for example, studies have suggested that LOC is a significant predictor of job satisfaction (Judge, Erez, Bono, Thoresen, 2003), whereby individuals with an internal LOC reported higher levels of job satisfaction (Martin, Thomas, Charles, Epitro McNamara, 2005). Furthermore, several studies have shown that direct measures of neuroticism are negatively related to job satisfaction (Furnham Zacherl, 1986; Smith, Organ, Near, 1983; Tokar Subich, 1997), indicating that individuals with high neuroticism have lower job satisfaction. Moreover, there are theoretical reasons to expect a positive relationship between the four sub-traits and job satisfaction. In the case of self-esteem, Locke, McClear and Knight (1996) posited that, A person with a high self-esteem will view a challenging job as a deserved opportunity which he can master and benefit from, whereas a person with low self-esteem is more likely to view it as an undeserved opportunity or a chance to fail. Research has in fact supported this, suggesting that individuals with high self-esteem maintain optimism in the face of failure, which makes future success and future satisfaction more likely (Dodgson Wood, 1998). Another theoretical mechanism linking these traits to job satisfaction is suggested by Kormans (1970) self-consistency theory. Kormans theory predicts that individuals with high self-esteem choose occupations consistent with their interests, which would lead to greater levels of job satisfaction. More generally, Kormans theory predicts that hi gh self-esteem individuals will engage in a broad array of behaviours and cognitions that reinforce their self-concept. Similarly, Spector (1982) suggested that individuals with an internal locus of control should be more job satisfied because they are less likely to stay in a dissatisfying job and are more likely to be successful in organisations. With respect to neuroticism, McCrae and Costa (1991) noted that neuroticism is related to lower well-being because individuals who score high on neuroticism are predisposed to experience negative affects. Negative affect, in turn, is negatively related to job satisfaction (Brief, 1998; Spector, 1997). Finally, Judge et al. (1997) argued that generalised self-efficacy should affect job satisfaction through its association with practical success on the job. Because individuals with high self-efficacy deal more effectively with difficulties and persist in the face of failure (Gist Mitchell, 1992), they are more likely to attain valued outco mes and thus derive satisfaction from their jobs. Relation of Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Generalised Self-Efficacy to Organisational Commitment. The four sub-traits have also been studied independently with regards to their relationship with organisational commitment. In terms of self-esteem, a review of the literature by Pierce Gardner (2004) identified several studies which report a significant and positive relationship between self-esteem and organisational commitment (Gardner Pierce, 1998, 2001; Lee, 2003; Phillips Hall, 2001; Ragins Cornwell, 2000; Riordan, Weatherly, Vandenberg Self, 2001; Tang Ibrahim, 1998; Tang, Kim O’Donald, 2000; Tang, Singer Roberts, 2000; Van Dyne Pierce, 2004). Correlations range between .12 and .64. These findings suggest that employees with high levels of self-esteem are more committed to their organisations than those individuals with low self-esteem. There are also some studies relating an individual’s locus of control to organisational commitment. Coleman, Irving, and Cooper (1999) conducted a study on the relationship between locus of control and organisational commitment. The results revealed that internal locus of control was related to affective commitment, while external locus of control was associated with continuance commitment. Furthermore, a study by Igbeneghu Popool (2011) provides empirical evidence to show that locus of control has a significant inverse relationship with organisational commitment. These findings are similar to research done two decades ago in which organisational commitment was found to be positively related to internal locus of control (Luthans, Baack, Taylor, 1987). Neuroticism has been found to be significantly related to organisational commitment (Erdheim, Wang Zickar, 2006). Cui (2010) found that neuroticism was significantly related to the continuance commitment part of organisational commitment. It has been shown that neurotic individuals tend to experience more negative life events than other individuals (Magnus, Diener, Fujita, Pavot, 1993). These findings directly relate to continuance commitment, which may develop out of an employee’s fear of the costs associated with leaving their current position (Meyer Allen, 1997). This is to the extent that when negative events occur in a highly neurotic individual’s job, the individual may feel more apprehensive about facing a new work environment that could provide even harsher experiences. Therefore, they are more likely to have high levels of continuance commitment. Once again, research found that self-efficacy was a significant predictor of organisational commitment (Bogler Somech, 2004). Saleem, Saba Adnan (2012) explored self-efficacy as a predictor of organisational commitment among bank employees. Correlational and multiple regression analyses indicated that self-efficacy was significantly positively correlated organisational commitment. Wu and Short (1996), who studied the relationship between teacher empowerment and teacher job commitment and job satisfaction, found that among the six subscales that compose the teacher empowerment scale (SPES), professional growth, self-efficacy and status were significant predictors of organisational commitment. Relation of Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Generalised Self-Efficacy to Organisational Citizenship Behaviour. The four sub-traits have also been studied separately in relation to organisational citizenship behaviour. Again, Pierce Gardner’s (2003) review found various studies showing that self-esteem was related to organisational citizenship behaviour. For example, Tang, Davis, Dolinski, Ibrahim, Sutarso Wagner (2002) examined self-esteem and organisational citizenship behaviours with samples in the United States, Taiwan, Poland, and Egypt. In both their US and non-US samples they found significant and positive relationship between self-esteem and organisational citizenship behaviour. Van Dyne and Pierce (2004) who used both supervisor and peer ratings of citizenship behaviour, reported significant relationships between self-esteem and organisational citizenship behaviours. Self-esteem has been found to have significant relationships with both dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviours: altruism and compliance (Tang Ibrahim, 1998). Chattopadhyay (1999) observed a positive and significant relationship between self-esteem and altruism. Chattopadhyay and George (2001) also observed a positive relationship between self-esteem and altruism in their study of employees in a computer manufacturer. Furthermore, studies such as Lee (2003) looked at the five dimensions of citizenship behaviour (i.e., altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue) and found significant relationships between self-esteem and acts of good organisational citizenship. Tang, Singer, Roberts (2000) investigated the effect that public (other serving) and private (self-serving) motives on altruistic and conscientiousness acts of organisational citizenship, and found a positive relationship between public motives and self-esteem, and a negative relationship for private motives. They also report a positive relationship between self-esteem and both dimensions (altruism and conscientiousness) of citizenship behaviour. Overall, across this set of studies self-esteem correlated with organisational citizenship behaviour in the range between .23 for compliance and .83 for altruism, indicating that self-esteem has a more significant relationship with the altruistic dimension of OCBs. Two studies have found empirical support for the relationship between locus of control and citizenship performance. Motowidlo and Van Scotter (1994) reported a significant correlation (r = .26) between internal locus of control and organisational citizenship performance. More recently, Funderberg and Levy (1997) found a .33 correlation between locus of control and self-reports on the altruism dimension of OCB, but a negative correlation of .34 with peer ratings on the same OCB dimension. Facteau, Allen, Facteau, Bordas Tears, (2000) found low negative correlations between locus of control and citizenship performance. Neuroticism (emotional instability) has a negative relationship with citizenship behaviour. Those who score high in neuroticism tend to be more preoccupied with their own anxieties and presumably do not have the emotional stamina to concern themselves with others problems or general system requirements unrelated to their own immediate needs (Smith, Organ Near, 1983). Bogler Somech (2004) found that self-efficacy was a significant predictor of OCB. Their results showed that self-efficacy, significantly predicted organisational commitment. The importance of self-efficacy as a predictor of all three outcomes can be understood if we relate to the original concept of self-efficacy developed by Bandura (1977). According to Bandura, self-efficacy is based on two dimensions that he labelled ‘‘outcome expectancy’’ and ‘‘efficacy expectancy’’. ‘‘Outcome expectancy’’ implies that an individual estimates that a given behaviour will result in certain outcomes. ‘‘Efficacy expectations’’ refer to behaviours toward the expected outcomes. Not surprisingly, where teachers report higher levels of self-efficacy, they exhibit more organisational behaviours. Teachers who have high expectations of themselves to perform effectively and successfully in school will car ry out extra functions beyond the formal ones and will feel more committed to their school and to the teaching profession.