Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Film - Essay Example Essentially considering which specific context would inspire the film to convey its core substance and value, Linklater and the rest of the filmmaking body could have schemed for direction and production on account of the city structure of Paris, the significance of open spaces within this big city, as well as the use of mixed concepts involving places whose functions are distinct from each other. Paris had shaped and created a colourful indispensable mark in the world history as much as the mother nation had so that through it, one would gain ease and good point of recollecting the period of Renaissance or the age of Enlightenment across Europe where fields like arts, literature, music, and philosophy flourished upon the emergence of intellectuals. To this day, the essence of creativity and critical thinking lives on in a manner that encourages a culture of thinkers to run the course of nature which apparently determines the mild rustic look of Paris, as a whole, though it is widely known to the world for its high sense of fashion. Its preserved humble yet classical structure occurs as the leading ground behind how the city manages to remain conducive for intellectual sort of reflections among real individuals whose roles might probably be those assumed by Jesse and Celine. Watching â€Å"Before Sunset† with intent look into the general structure of the city, the audi ence may naturally recognize the feel of society that lacks industrial appeal or some technological approach of projecting the theme, for the thematic relevance that proceeds along the conversation of the couple seems intimately connected to the historical roots of civilization. The structural worth of the city provides context to a depth of insight possessed by the main act of exchanging words from point to point where no high-rise postmodern constructions blend in so as to secure the notion that the city is at the level close to the view of humanism rather than industrialism. On the other

See the dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

See the dis - Essay Example Those affected have their health state affected and boosting their activity by making their bones strong and health (47). Unhealthy feeling contributes to mental disturbance especially when the disease seems to fall out of hand. From my perspective, this selection is critical from the so far dangers associated with osteoporosis. Notably, this realization will go a long way in reducing the number of dependants, increasing per capita, and the general GDP. Alongside healing the disease and making the affected healthy, economic boost should be seen as a reason for customers to buy. This is of value since economic progress is key to every country especially when the progress has health backing. Health nation means a wealthy nation. To a potential employer, providing me with employment will play a critical role in contributing to the already realized company’s success. Of importance, realization of a product that seeks to heal a controversial disease means that as the product gets known to the public, the company’s reputation is promoted. The potential employer must understand that the company will get global with the product. Additionally, chances of other realizations are extremely high meaning that the growth of such a company is

Theories of Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment

Theories of Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment Job satisfaction Job satisfaction can be described as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the individual’s job or job experiences (Locke, 1976). Job satisfaction is a topic of wide interest to both people who work in organisations and people who study them. It is a most frequently studied variable in organisational behaviour research, and also a central variable in both research and theory of organisational phenomena ranging from job design to supervision (Spector, 1997). Traditionally, job satisfaction focuses on the feelings that an individual has about their job. However, what makes a job satisfying or dissatisfying does not depend only on the nature of the job, but also on the expectations that individuals have of what their job should provide (Lu, While Barriball, 2004). Organisational Commitment Organisational commitment has been defined as the degree to which employees believe in and accept organisational goals and desire to remain with the organisation (Mathis Jackson, 2000). Similarly, Wright and Noe (1996) defined organisational commitment as â€Å"the degree or extent to which employees strongly identify with the organisation and feel attached to it.† Although there are a variety of different definitions for organisational commitment, they all share the view that organisational commitment is a psychological state that characterises an employee’s relationship with their organisation and has implications for that employee continuing membership in the organisation (Meyer Allen, 1997). However, what differs among these definitions is the nature of the psychological state being described (Mowday, Steers Porter, 1979; Wiener, 1982). In order to acknowledge the different psychological states,Meyer and Allen (1991)developed a three-component model of organisati onal commitment. The first component is affective commitment, which refers to an employee’s â€Å"emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in an organisation† (Meyer Allen, 1991). The second component is continuance commitment, which involves the employee’s perceptions of the costs associated with leaving an organisation. The last component is normative commitment, which refers to an employee’s feelings of obligation to stay in the organisation. Organisational Citizenship Behaviours Organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) are voluntary employee behaviours that are not formally rewarded by the organisation, but contribute to either the success of the whole organisation or to the well-being of other employees (Borman Motowidlo, 1993). Examples of OCBs include: helping colleagues with their work, helping new members of staff, talking positively about the organisation to outsiders, and voluntarily going to functions that help the organisation’s image (Lee Allen, 2002). Research on OCB’s have shown that they are important as they improve both individual level (Rotundo Sackett, 2002) and organisational-level performance outcomes (Podsakoff, Whiting, Podsakoff, Blume, 2009). It has been suggested that there are five different categories of OCBs including altruism, courtesy conscientiousness, civic virtue, and sportsmanship (Organ, 1988). Furthermore, OCBs have been divided into two different types. Williams and Anderson (1991) divided up the dime nsions based on who the behaviours were directed towards. If the behaviour was directed towards other individuals in the workplace, there were classified as Organisational citizenship behaviour–individuals (OCBI), while behaviours directed at the organisation as a whole were classified as organisational citizenship behaviour-organisational (OCBO). For example, categories of OCBs such as altruism and courtesy are actions aimed at other employees and would therefore be classified as OCBIs.Whereas, conscientiousness, civic virtue, and sportsmanship are behaviours intended for the benefit of the organisation and would therefore be considered as OCBOs. Core Self-Evaluation sub-traits and their relation to organisational citizenship behaviour, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. There are a lack of studies linking the core self-evaluations factor to organisational citizenship behaviours. However, three of the core traits: self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability, are the most widely studied personality traits in personality and applied psychology (Judge Bono, 2001). In total, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability have been the subject of more than 50,000 studies (Judge et al, 2002). Self-esteem is used to describe an individual’s overall self-evaluation of their competencies (Rosenberg, 1965). Simply put, self-esteem is a personal evaluation which reflects what people think of themselves as individuals. For example, Korman (1970) states that self-esteem reflects the degree to which the individual â€Å"sees themselves as a competent, need-satisfying individual†. Therefore, an individual with high self-esteem has a â€Å"sense of personal adequacy and a sense of having achieved need satisfaction in the past† (Korman, 1966). As well as the reflecting component of self-esteem, Pelham and Swann (1989) explain that self-esteem also consists of an affective (liking/disliking) component. For example, individuals with high self-esteem like who and what they are; agreeing with statements such as â€Å"I am a person of worth, on an equal plane with others† and â€Å"I am satisfied with myself† (Rosenberg, 1965). Overall, it is the self-e valuation and descriptive conceptualisation that individuals make and maintain about themselves. Locus of control refers to an individuals’ perception of the main causes of events in life. It can be divided into two categories: internal locus of control and external locus of control. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that they have control over the events and consequences associated with their lives, such as control over their own destinies. Therefore, they believe that the majority of their life experiences are determined by their own skills, abilities, and efforts. Whereas those with an external locus of control believe that life events are the result of circumstances outside their control. They believe that their destinies are controlled by external forces such as luck, chance, fate, or powerful others (Paulhus, 1983; Rotter, 1966). Emotional stability or neuroticism is perhaps the most enduring personality concept in psychology, as it is one of the dimensions of the widely studied five-factor model of personality. There are thousands of studies on the topic and the entire field of psychoanalysis and clinical psychology might be traced to the study of neurotic symptoms (Freud, 1910). Emotional stability represents individual differences in the tendency to experience distress (McCrae John, 1992). Typical behaviours associated with this factor include being anxious, depressed, angry, embarrassed, emotional, worried, and insecure (Barrick Mount, 1991). Generalised self-efficacy is described as an individual’s estimate of their fundamental ability to cope, perform, and be successful. This can be seen as the ability to persist and a persons ability to succeed with a task. As an example, self-efficacy directly relates to how long someone will stick to a workout regime or a diet. High and low self-efficacy determine whether or not someone will choose to take on a challenging task or write it off as impossible. Relation of Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Generalised Self-Efficacy to Job Satisfaction. Judge et al. (1997) hypothesised that core self-evaluations would be related to job satisfaction through both direct and indirect means. Indeed, Judge et al (1998) found that the four traits, treated as a single latent construct, were significantly related to job satisfaction. This study also found that self-esteem, generalised self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism were each independently significantly correlated with job satisfaction. Therefore, suggesting both direct and indirect links with job satisfaction. Despite the vast amount of research on dispositions and job satisfaction, Judge and Bono (2001) found there were no meta-analysis of the relationship between any of the four traits and job satisfaction. The relationships of these traits to job satisfaction had been discussed in reviews of the literature with respect to self-esteem (Tharenou, 1979), locus of control (Spector, 1982), and emotional stability (Furnham Zacherl, 1986), however the size and extent of these relationships, and the variability in these relationships across studies, had not been established. Therefore, Judge and Bono (2001) conducted a meta-analysis of 169 correlations. The found that the correlations of the core traits with job satisfaction ranged from 0.24 for emotional stability to 0.45 for generalised self-efficacy. All of these correlations generalised across studies (more than 90% of the individual correlations were greater than zero). Other research has also supported these finding, for example, studies have suggested that LOC is a significant predictor of job satisfaction (Judge, Erez, Bono, Thoresen, 2003), whereby individuals with an internal LOC reported higher levels of job satisfaction (Martin, Thomas, Charles, Epitro McNamara, 2005). Furthermore, several studies have shown that direct measures of neuroticism are negatively related to job satisfaction (Furnham Zacherl, 1986; Smith, Organ, Near, 1983; Tokar Subich, 1997), indicating that individuals with high neuroticism have lower job satisfaction. Moreover, there are theoretical reasons to expect a positive relationship between the four sub-traits and job satisfaction. In the case of self-esteem, Locke, McClear and Knight (1996) posited that, A person with a high self-esteem will view a challenging job as a deserved opportunity which he can master and benefit from, whereas a person with low self-esteem is more likely to view it as an undeserved opportunity or a chance to fail. Research has in fact supported this, suggesting that individuals with high self-esteem maintain optimism in the face of failure, which makes future success and future satisfaction more likely (Dodgson Wood, 1998). Another theoretical mechanism linking these traits to job satisfaction is suggested by Kormans (1970) self-consistency theory. Kormans theory predicts that individuals with high self-esteem choose occupations consistent with their interests, which would lead to greater levels of job satisfaction. More generally, Kormans theory predicts that hi gh self-esteem individuals will engage in a broad array of behaviours and cognitions that reinforce their self-concept. Similarly, Spector (1982) suggested that individuals with an internal locus of control should be more job satisfied because they are less likely to stay in a dissatisfying job and are more likely to be successful in organisations. With respect to neuroticism, McCrae and Costa (1991) noted that neuroticism is related to lower well-being because individuals who score high on neuroticism are predisposed to experience negative affects. Negative affect, in turn, is negatively related to job satisfaction (Brief, 1998; Spector, 1997). Finally, Judge et al. (1997) argued that generalised self-efficacy should affect job satisfaction through its association with practical success on the job. Because individuals with high self-efficacy deal more effectively with difficulties and persist in the face of failure (Gist Mitchell, 1992), they are more likely to attain valued outco mes and thus derive satisfaction from their jobs. Relation of Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Generalised Self-Efficacy to Organisational Commitment. The four sub-traits have also been studied independently with regards to their relationship with organisational commitment. In terms of self-esteem, a review of the literature by Pierce Gardner (2004) identified several studies which report a significant and positive relationship between self-esteem and organisational commitment (Gardner Pierce, 1998, 2001; Lee, 2003; Phillips Hall, 2001; Ragins Cornwell, 2000; Riordan, Weatherly, Vandenberg Self, 2001; Tang Ibrahim, 1998; Tang, Kim O’Donald, 2000; Tang, Singer Roberts, 2000; Van Dyne Pierce, 2004). Correlations range between .12 and .64. These findings suggest that employees with high levels of self-esteem are more committed to their organisations than those individuals with low self-esteem. There are also some studies relating an individual’s locus of control to organisational commitment. Coleman, Irving, and Cooper (1999) conducted a study on the relationship between locus of control and organisational commitment. The results revealed that internal locus of control was related to affective commitment, while external locus of control was associated with continuance commitment. Furthermore, a study by Igbeneghu Popool (2011) provides empirical evidence to show that locus of control has a significant inverse relationship with organisational commitment. These findings are similar to research done two decades ago in which organisational commitment was found to be positively related to internal locus of control (Luthans, Baack, Taylor, 1987). Neuroticism has been found to be significantly related to organisational commitment (Erdheim, Wang Zickar, 2006). Cui (2010) found that neuroticism was significantly related to the continuance commitment part of organisational commitment. It has been shown that neurotic individuals tend to experience more negative life events than other individuals (Magnus, Diener, Fujita, Pavot, 1993). These findings directly relate to continuance commitment, which may develop out of an employee’s fear of the costs associated with leaving their current position (Meyer Allen, 1997). This is to the extent that when negative events occur in a highly neurotic individual’s job, the individual may feel more apprehensive about facing a new work environment that could provide even harsher experiences. Therefore, they are more likely to have high levels of continuance commitment. Once again, research found that self-efficacy was a significant predictor of organisational commitment (Bogler Somech, 2004). Saleem, Saba Adnan (2012) explored self-efficacy as a predictor of organisational commitment among bank employees. Correlational and multiple regression analyses indicated that self-efficacy was significantly positively correlated organisational commitment. Wu and Short (1996), who studied the relationship between teacher empowerment and teacher job commitment and job satisfaction, found that among the six subscales that compose the teacher empowerment scale (SPES), professional growth, self-efficacy and status were significant predictors of organisational commitment. Relation of Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Generalised Self-Efficacy to Organisational Citizenship Behaviour. The four sub-traits have also been studied separately in relation to organisational citizenship behaviour. Again, Pierce Gardner’s (2003) review found various studies showing that self-esteem was related to organisational citizenship behaviour. For example, Tang, Davis, Dolinski, Ibrahim, Sutarso Wagner (2002) examined self-esteem and organisational citizenship behaviours with samples in the United States, Taiwan, Poland, and Egypt. In both their US and non-US samples they found significant and positive relationship between self-esteem and organisational citizenship behaviour. Van Dyne and Pierce (2004) who used both supervisor and peer ratings of citizenship behaviour, reported significant relationships between self-esteem and organisational citizenship behaviours. Self-esteem has been found to have significant relationships with both dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviours: altruism and compliance (Tang Ibrahim, 1998). Chattopadhyay (1999) observed a positive and significant relationship between self-esteem and altruism. Chattopadhyay and George (2001) also observed a positive relationship between self-esteem and altruism in their study of employees in a computer manufacturer. Furthermore, studies such as Lee (2003) looked at the five dimensions of citizenship behaviour (i.e., altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue) and found significant relationships between self-esteem and acts of good organisational citizenship. Tang, Singer, Roberts (2000) investigated the effect that public (other serving) and private (self-serving) motives on altruistic and conscientiousness acts of organisational citizenship, and found a positive relationship between public motives and self-esteem, and a negative relationship for private motives. They also report a positive relationship between self-esteem and both dimensions (altruism and conscientiousness) of citizenship behaviour. Overall, across this set of studies self-esteem correlated with organisational citizenship behaviour in the range between .23 for compliance and .83 for altruism, indicating that self-esteem has a more significant relationship with the altruistic dimension of OCBs. Two studies have found empirical support for the relationship between locus of control and citizenship performance. Motowidlo and Van Scotter (1994) reported a significant correlation (r = .26) between internal locus of control and organisational citizenship performance. More recently, Funderberg and Levy (1997) found a .33 correlation between locus of control and self-reports on the altruism dimension of OCB, but a negative correlation of .34 with peer ratings on the same OCB dimension. Facteau, Allen, Facteau, Bordas Tears, (2000) found low negative correlations between locus of control and citizenship performance. Neuroticism (emotional instability) has a negative relationship with citizenship behaviour. Those who score high in neuroticism tend to be more preoccupied with their own anxieties and presumably do not have the emotional stamina to concern themselves with others problems or general system requirements unrelated to their own immediate needs (Smith, Organ Near, 1983). Bogler Somech (2004) found that self-efficacy was a significant predictor of OCB. Their results showed that self-efficacy, significantly predicted organisational commitment. The importance of self-efficacy as a predictor of all three outcomes can be understood if we relate to the original concept of self-efficacy developed by Bandura (1977). According to Bandura, self-efficacy is based on two dimensions that he labelled ‘‘outcome expectancy’’ and ‘‘efficacy expectancy’’. ‘‘Outcome expectancy’’ implies that an individual estimates that a given behaviour will result in certain outcomes. ‘‘Efficacy expectations’’ refer to behaviours toward the expected outcomes. Not surprisingly, where teachers report higher levels of self-efficacy, they exhibit more organisational behaviours. Teachers who have high expectations of themselves to perform effectively and successfully in school will car ry out extra functions beyond the formal ones and will feel more committed to their school and to the teaching profession.

Joseph Contrads Heart of Darkness :: essays research papers

“The Horror! The Horror!'; Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness'; is not just a suspenseful tale of a man’s journey to one of the Earth’s few remaining frontiers, the African Congo; it is a psychological insight into the true pits of the human mind, in search of the true “heart of darkness';, which resides not geographically, but is a part of all of us, living under the restraints of society and civilization. Conrad explores the idea that under the taboos and societal mandates, there is a potential for actions and beliefs that are shocking to the common individual. Yet, if a man is released to do as he wills, without society to judge him, he can cross into a state-of-being that we consider primal and non-human. Without civilization, one would become an agent free to do whatever he chooses, and will do it willingly. Conrad demonstrates and hints at this conclusion using several literary devices, ranging from symbolism to the subtle changes in Marlowe, the narrator, that represent his growing distance from civilization and reality. The strongest device and example of this phenomenon is the transformation of Mr. Kurtz, the director of the Inner Station. In this essay, I will explain and analyze Kurtz’s “de-humanity';, and how effective it is in achieving Conrad’s goal. This “deconstruction'; of Kurtz culminates with his utterance of the phrase, “The horror! The horror!';, as he lay dying. Yet, first we must explain what Kurtz was before he stepped over the edge. From the moment Marlowe arrives on the coast of Africa, he hears tales of an incredible man, who runs a trading post deep in the Congo. The accountant at the first station said, “He [Kurtz] is a remarkable person.... Sends in as much ivory as all the others put together....'; (Conrad 33-34) The bricklayer at the second station calls Kurtz an “universal genius'; (43). Marlowe himself tells us that Kurtz is an educated man, who had originally been commissioned to bring civilization and light into this, one of the darkest and vilest places on the Earth. Furthermore, the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs has asked to Kurtz to submit a report, for the future reference of the Society. Marlowe, himself, has reads the report and refers to it as a “beautiful piece of writing';; yet, through Kurtz’s rhetoric on how the superior white man has a responsibility to civilize and help the primitive natives, the report ends with a phrase scrawled in unsteady handwriting and it reads, “Exterminate all the brutes!'; (66) The last entry into his report gives a hint at what has become to the “remarkable'; Mr.

Levels of the Managerial Communication Process Essay

Becoming a first time manager is an excellent goal and a great marker in a successful career. However it can also be a daunting task without a few tips to ease you into you new responsibilities. With careful observation, planning and a few pieces of advice, a good manager can become great manager. An important trait many great leaders have is being able to successfully communicate any message to a wide variety of people. They also have the ability to transcend work groups, culture, situations and subject.. Being able to relate to different direct reports is key to opening a two way channel of communication with a group. One of the first layers in successful communication is establishing an environment and culture that encourages it. Allowing open communication amongst each other fosters a cohesive and united environment. A good way a manager can reinforce that notion, would be to serve as the example. Walk around and meet with everyone in the group. This allows the manager to be accessible to everyone and in turn the manager can get to know the members of his or her group. Another suggestion would be to establish an open door policy. This will allow the flexibility to hold short meetings informally and encourage the flow of communication with each other. A good way to get to know the group better would be to setup a meeting with each individual. This allows a manager to get a back story on each group member, establish preferences in communication and find out if any cultural differences exist. This can also establish trust between a manager and an employee. Scheduling this meeting either bi-weekly or monthly allows the channel of communication between manager and subordinate to remain open. If at all possible, an important element in establishing an open environment is to physically setup the office in a way that allows for easy communication with each other. Having conference rooms available allows for group meetings and also provides private areas if discussions are of a confidential nature. If allowed, take into consideration the furniture used in the group’s space. Tailor the furniture and office designs to your group’s needs. If possible, equip rooms with teleconference equipment which allows for a virtual face-to-face with others in remote office either across the street or across the country. A second layer of successful communication is the interaction of sender to receiver. When speaking to groups or individuals, a manager should always maintain a steady emotion. Employees can easily misinterpret the mood or  content of the message if a manager is either too happy or too sad. A good sense of humor can bring comfort or levity to a group or situation, however caution should be used. A joke or comment can be misinterpreted easily depending on the audience. A good rule of thumb would be to err on the side of caution until the manager gets to know the group thoroughly. Allowing for questions during or at the end of your message encourages two way communication. This allows the audience the freedom to ask for clarification if something isn’t understood and also provides a venue for discussion. Possible issues can be resolved when more than one point of view are presented. A manager should also make themselves available after a meeting in case any questions comes up that did not want to be asked in a group setting or is of a confidential nature. The third layer of successful communication involves four elements that affect each other. Content (what is said), Channel (How it’s said), Environment (Where it’s said) and Time (When it’s said). It is important to tailor the content of your message to your audience. The following are short questions that a manager can ask themselves about each element: Content What is the message about? Who is the audience? What is the tone of the message? Do you thoroughly know the subject matter? What level of detail should the message include? Channel What channels are available? (ex. voicemail, email, public or private meeting)? Will the contents of the message be fully understood using the channel chosen? Will the channel help or hurt if the message has a deadline? Is the channel chosen appropriate for the urgency level of the message? Is the channel chosen appropriate for the tone of the message? Environment What locations or venues are available? Is the venue/location chosen appropriate for the message given? (ex. Technically capable) What setting is fitting for your message (ex. Formal or informal)? Who is the audience? How large is the audience? What is the confidentiality of the message? Time How urgent is the message? When is the best time to deliver this message? Does the message follow a timeline or deadline? How long should the message take? Along with these factors to follow, there are some errors to avoid. Focus your message strictly on facts to stay true to the message at hand and avoid â€Å"spinning† a message with opinions. Opinions are fine to state when and if asked by the audience, however a message spun on opinion will be evident quickly and can easily lose or disrupt an audience. Do not present the message in a manner that is not subject to change. Messages, like situations, can change at any given moment and may require some clarification. Always prepare with a contingency plan to follow-up with changes if needed. Having prior knowledge of the subject matter will minimize any confusion when presenting the message and will better equip the manager in the event of any questions asked. The intent of the message can be greatly lost if the presenter looks uncomfortable or lost during the presentation. If at all possible, have someone with knowledge of the subject matter review any notes that will be used, or have them available for any follow-up questions afterwards. When it comes to communicating effectively, there is no â€Å"one size, fits all† approach to any message. Each communication instance requires a thorough analysis of all the factors provided and presented accordingly to the audience. Mastering these tips will help on the road to managerial success. Works Cited Hynes, Geraldine. Managerial Communication. New York: McGraw Hill, 2011. Myatt, Mike. â€Å"10 Communication Secrets of Great Leaders.† Forbes (2012): 12/6/2012 http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemyatt/2012/04/04/10-communication-secrets-of-great-leaders/.

How to Write a Legislative Bill

How to Write a Legislative Bill Have you ever had the urge to want to change someone’s perspective? Did you ever think you could make a difference? Were you aware that even students between the ages of eleven to twenty create bills that can become laws? According to the 2012 Youth in Government Student Manuel, more than 100 current West Virginia laws were first considered in the Youth in Government (YG) program. So, how are bills created? Step 1- Choose a bill topic.The most important part of writing a Legislative bill is choosing a comfortable topic that you can relate to or make your own, as well as making it personal or influential to others too. Step 2- Search for a topic that will improve the state. Be creative and original; do not repeatedly write a bill someone else has already tried and failed in the previous years. Step 3- Prepare a preliminary draft of the bill. A. Search the library and internet for resources and materials to support your bill. Seek out authorities and ask their views and opinions of your bill.Authorities can include representatives from Public Health, Education, Government, Law Enforcement, Economic Development, Business, Labor, Community Organizations, and Faith Groups, Etc. B. Weigh your proposed bill against the Constitution, using both State and Federal standards and consult with practiced law professionals, such as a lawyer or judge. C. State-oriented legislation must be within the constitutional authority of the State Government†¦ not Federal Government. D. Select a section of the state code where your proposed bill â€Å"fits. † Cite or (write) that section number in the Preamble of your bill.Step 4- Ask peers or others to critique the bill to highlight arguments both for and against, as well as make suggestions for improvement. Step 5- Draft your bill in its correct format. Bills are typed as received, so make sure there are no grammatical errors; check your spelling, sentence structure, and code citations for correctness. Step 6- Research the bill topic for presentations to the Committee, Legislature, Lobbyists, the Governor and his or her Cabinet. Step 7- Now, your bill is ready for submission. Be sure to meet the proper deadline.Never attempt to write a last minute bill, so you can make sure you feel confident and completely prepared when presenting. When deciding on a topic for your bill, you want to make it your own, and not what someone else created. People have similar ideas for bills, but may not have the proper wording; therefore, their bills are often voted down. Anyone can make a difference; you just have to be willing to go the extra mile to make it happen. I surely enjoyed the experience of stepping out from my comfort zone to participate in the amazing learning process of writing a Legislative Bill.

A bodyguard of lies Essay Example

A bodyguard of lies Essay Example A bodyguard of lies Essay A bodyguard of lies Essay History has not only been mistaken, but has been an outright lie multiple times. One such example would be the way children are taught in school about Christopher Columbus. Undoubtedly one of the most influential men in history was not as we have heard a great man but rather a terrorist with inhumane ways of dealing with the indigenous Americans. A man who never discovered the earth was round. That discovery had been made roughly 2,000 years previous by another man name Pythagoras. Another lie is the idea that Europe has invented all of the mathematical formulas of our world. Historians continue to discover that more often then not mathematical advances have almost always appeared faster in the Middle East then they have in Europe In mathematics, Pascals triangle is a geometric arrangement of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. It is named after Blaise Pascal in much of the western world, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in India, Persia, China, and Italy. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle) Other such incidents throughout United States history point to an inept government lieing and skewing real historical facts for political gain, The U. S. government has a long history of lying in order to win public approval for its wars: On February 15, 1898, an explosion ripped through the USS Maine anchored off Spanish-controlled Cuba, killing 268. Though an inquiry was unable to determine the cause of the explosion, the U. S. press conducted a hysterical campaign to blame Spain. The campaign helped win public support for the Spanish-American War in which the U. S. seized control of Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam and the Philippines, launching itself as a world power( http://socialistworker.org/2002-2/427/427_07_HistoryOfLies. shtml) On February 15, 1898, at 9:40 p. m. the Maine sank in Havana Harbor after an explosion, resulting in the deaths of 266 men. The Spanish attributed the event to an internal explosion; but an American inquiry reported that it was caused by a mine (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spanish-American_War#USS_Maine). Even one of the most famous wartime leaders Winston Churchill was quoted saying that In wartime, tr uth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies. Based on someone who was as competent as Winston was it would be apparent that some sort of skewing of the facts has happened some where along the line with all major historical stories. There is more then one side of any given story and more often then not the truth is found somewhere in-between. While reading a book like A Peoples History of the United States (Howard Zinn) it is easy to see that there are two contradicting points of view in history during the industrial revolution. We are told that this is a time when child labor laws are beginning to crop up. We are not told of the vast magnitude of the problem. We can not even imagine the enormity of the situation that the American people where dealing with at the time. Yet the industrial revolution is seen as a very positive time for everyone in the United States due to our advancement in technology according to the more moderate and traditionalist point of view. So just as in science a vast accumulation of facts really proves nothing. Just because you have thirty ways in science to prove something right does not always make it so. It might be right under those thirty different circumstances but it only takes one way to prove it wrong to make it an incorrect theory. So in history you can see it is not just an assortment of facts that make it strong or believable. It is an assortment of facts that are from many different varied sources often from different sides of the line that make it a coherent and accurate description of what happened. In other words you might say that you dont just build a house with studs, but also with nails, shingles, and pipes.

Transformational Leadership at Virgin Group

Transformational Leadership at Virgin Group Introduction Leadership is an important aspect of an organisation that will always have a direct impact on the success in achieving its objectives. The world is very competitive and for firms to manage this competition there is a need to have a leadership structure that is conscious of the dynamic factors of the environment. It is through proper leadership that a firm can embrace the changing environmental factors and is able to meet the changing market demands.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership at Virgin Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Firms that are successful in the market today owe their success to adequate leadership. Richard Branson is one of the leaders in the contemporary world that has come out strongly as a transformational leader with the capacity to inspire the employees to achieve the best results. The Virgin Group of companies under the Virgin Foundation is one of the la rgest companies in the world. According to Fey (2012, p. 72), this company has grown from a small firm that was selling articles to a college, to a multinational company trading in various countries around the world. This firm has been able to venture into various industries with a lot of success. This is attributed to the leadership style of Richard Branson and his team of management. Sir Richard Branson has worked closely with his team of employees to ensure that this firm increases its scope of market and its profitability. The Virgin Group is one of the best brands in the world. According to Cutcher (2007, p. 241), Virgin Group has been used in many case studies as a success story around the world. It is one of the firms that have experienced consistent rise, from a small firm that did not get attention of members of the society, to a large firm that plays a very important role in boosting the economy of the United Kingdom. The success of this firm, as Budhwar (2006, p. 510) say s, is attributed to the management style that the leader applies in managing operations of the business. This research will focus on how transformational leadership is used in Virgin Group and how it has helped the firm to become successful in the market. Management Style Used by Richard Branson Sir Richard Branson is a strong supporter of individualized attention to every employee. According to Baruch (2008, p. 430), transformational leadership encourages the approach of management where the manager gives direct attention to each employee within the firm. This means that the manager would avoid cases where a decision is made on a generalised term. Every employee has unique qualities that make him or her different from others. This uniqueness of the individuals makes it necessary for the management to ensure that every employee is understood perfectly within the organisation. All the employees of this firm who are in the managerial positions have at one moment or another met Richard Branson in person (Guesa 2010, p. 510). In such meetings, he would engage the employee in a dialogue with the sole purpose of gathering any information that may be relevant in understanding that person.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He would then ensure that such an individual is given attention based on his or her unique characters. This is what he would insist should be transferred to all the junior employees whom he cannot reach directly. This is part of total quality management technique used by this management. The diagram below explains this. Figure 1: Total Quality Management Used at Virgin Group Source: Baruch (2008, p. 430) Transformational Leadership in Organisations Pielstick (2005, p. 75) defines leadership as a process where an individual (a leader) offers guidance to a group of individuals (followers) in an organisational structure. Leadership is one of the most important factors in any organisation. Leadership and management share a number of attributes, but they differ in various fronts. Transformational leadership is defined by Yukl (2010, p. 117) as a type of leadership that uses motivation to enhance the performance of employees. Transformational leadership, as the name suggests, provides a completely new path to approaching various issues in an organisation. It provides the employees with an insight. One of the main aims of a transformational leader is to create a completely new approach in managing various issues within the organisation. This is what the current world demands of a firm. Emerging technologies are changing various approaches of management. The emerging trends need new approaches that can be used to provide a way in which they can be managed differently. This is what the management of the Virgin Group has been practising.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadersh ip at Virgin Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Transformational leadership attempts to make employees discover themselves. According to Hacker and Tammy (2004, p. 46), a transformational leader will always make followers realise that they have untapped capacity which they can exploit to get better results in every activity they are doing. Unlike management, leadership takes the front line in bringing a change that is needed. It involves making the followers realise that they are a part of the change. It makes employees own the whole process. They feel that some changes that are proposed are a part of them and are meant to make their work easier. This way, they develop the responsibility to ensure that these changes are accomplished successfully and within the specified time. Such leadership will evoke desires on the followers to see to it that specific desires are achieved within the specified time. It is an art of tying the objectives of a firm to those of employees. Nature and Relevance of Transformational Leadership in Organisations Transformational leadership has some characteristics that make it unique among other forms of leadership. Transformational leadership cherishes authenticity. It encourages followers to act as natural as possible. People who act naturally always tend to give their best. Passion is another major characteristic of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders must be passionate about every action they take. This way, it becomes possible for the followers to take this characteristic from the leaders. Followers will develop passion when they realise that their leader has passion in his or her actions. Transformational leadership should also embrace creativity. Creativity is crucial in the contemporary world. Leaders must be able to solve problems in a creative manner (Pardey 2007, p. 78). They have to encourage the culture of creativity in their employees. This way, their organis ation will be able to be creative in the market. Richard Branson has always cherished these factors in his leadership. Transformational leaders always have self-awareness. They understand what they stand for and are able to express this feeling to the followers. This way, it would be easy to avoid cases where a leader issues instruction which he or she can change abruptly without a clear explanation for the same. Transformational leaders always have interpersonal intelligence. This is important to help bring people of different social backgrounds together. Organisation brings together individuals from different backgrounds. It would require interpersonal intelligence to make these people reason in the same line and work as a unit towards achieving specific objectives.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In managing organisations today, Conger (2006, p. 39) says that integrity is also of utmost importance. A transformational leader always has integrity. It is important to note that transformational leadership aims at bringing a completely new approach of doing various activities in a better way. Integrity will be one of the main ingredients in that leadership. It will be possible to tell others to maintain integrity only if the leaders show the same in their actions. A transformational leader must also develop clarity of purpose. The leader must be sure of what he or she wants from the followers and from the leaders. According to Biswas (2011, p. 27), having a clear sense of purpose on what one does makes it possible to measure the level of success of an individual. This way, it becomes easy for such a leader to determine the rate at which objectives of the firm are being achieved. Finally, such a leader always has global awareness of various factors in the environment. When the lea der is managing a large multinational organisation, understanding factors in the immediate environment may not make one formulate policies that can benefit all the branches of the firm. Such a leader must have global awareness of various environmental factors in order to transform employees and the firm in general towards desired direction. Besides the above characteristics, transformational leadership has four main elements that help in making it unique in the market. The four are discussed below. Evaluation of the Behaviour of Leaders in the Selected Organisation Richard Branson has demonstrated capacity of a leader in his Virgin Foundation. Being a brilliant entrepreneur, Branson has managed to grow the Virgin Empire to capture various industries around the world. He has demonstrated leadership capacity that is beyond reproach. According to Bustin (2004, p. 67), Branson believes that the strength of the firm is bestowed in the employees. He has therefore maintained a cordial rela tionship with the employees, always making them feel that they are appreciated within the organisation. One of the most important cultures he has developed within the organisation is trust in peers. Employees spend much of their time with fellow employees. They interact with their peers when doing different activities geared towards achieving specific goals for the firm. Employees should therefore develop positive attitude towards their peers in order to ensure that the internal working environment is peaceful. They should share innovative ideas amongst themselves and develop a working environment where each team member is a protector of others. Trust in peers refers to the extent to which workers in similar job positions would be willing to cooperate amongst themselves to accomplish certain tasks. In the organisation, it is understood that peers interact with their workmates as far as accomplishment of tasks is concerned. An employee would be tempted to work hard after realising th at his colleague is committed to realising certain goals (Kouzes Posner 2006, p. 56). For instance, peers choose certain models of performance once they notice that they have similar objectives. Trust in peers therefore refers to choosing appropriate models meant for achieving high results. This has helped Branson build a very strong Virgin Atlantic Empire. Branson has also been keen on encouraging participation at work amongst all the employees. The workplace requires participation of all members of the organisation. Employees should develop an attitude of collective participation at work. Branson has ensured that all cases of individualism are eliminated, and its place is a team spirit (Northouse 2010, p. 67). All the members of the organisation have been made to realise that they have a responsibility to participate in every activity that the organisation undertakes. To achieve this, Branson has ensured that there is clear separation of duties among various groups within the org anisation. Division of labor is important because it creates a sense of responsibility (Pielstick 2005, p. 120). Employees will feel that they have a role specifically meant for them. They will realise that their failure to achieve the goals set for them would lead to a loss for the entire firm. Employees would feel guilty of carrying the blame for a possible failure of the entire firm. They will make an effort to accomplish their tasks to avoid blame coming from their side. Richard Branson has been keen on guiding the behaviour of individuals, groups and teams within this organisation. According to a report by Conger (2006, p. 59), Branson has been keen on determining the behaviour of every single employee and team within the organisation. This scholar says that there is always a need to shape the behaviour of employees in order to ensure that they act within the expectations of the leader. To achieve this, Branson has created an organisational culture that is unique to this firm. Creating an organisational culture within the firm helps ensure that the behaviour of individuals or teams formed within the organisation can be predicted by the leader (Burns 2009, p. 113). A leader should be not be caught unaware by an action of an individual follower or a group of them because the leader is always expected to be on top of every situation within the organisation. Being able to predict the behaviour of the employees or teams gives the manager an upper hand in control it as would be desirable. At Virgin Group, Branson has been very keen on ensuring that employees embrace change. According to Rollinson (2005, p. 89), Branson is one of the contemporary managers who cherish change within their organisation. He has been keen on influencing employees’ readiness for change by making change part of the organisational culture of this company. The Impact of the Leadership Style on the Performance of the Firm The impact of the leadership style used by Richard Branson i n the Virgin Group is evident in the performance of this firm. According to Artur (2008, p. 680), the Virgin Group is one of the best performing firms globally. The group defied the massive economic recession that hit the United Kingdom and the rest of the world to register a growth (Jensen 2011, p.671). The firm is considered as one of the few firms with capacity to run in various industries with a considerable level of success. This may be attributed to the transformational leadership approach that Branson has employed in managing his employees. In order to understand the impact of this leadership style, SWOT analysis will be necessary to analyse its strengths and weaknesses, the opportunities it poses and some of the threats. According to Barney (2010 p. 99), transformational leadership is one of the best leadership theories that managers in the contemporary world should consider employing. One of the main strengths of this leadership structure is that it inspires employees to wo rk beyond their current capacity. The business world is increasingly getting competitive. There are various competitive forces in the market, which is always a threat to a firm that does not consider coming up with the strategies to manage them. Managing competitive forces would need a team of dedicated employees who have the capacity to meet the demands of the customers however dynamic they are (Marchington 2012, p. 285). The Virgin Group is one of the success stories in the transport industry. The Virgin Air is one of the biggest airplane firms in the world, capturing the markets in Europe, in North and South America, Asia and Africa among other continents. In the financial sector, this firm has been performing well given the strategy that it has employed in dealing with the customers. All these are because of the leadership structure applied by the top management unit of this firm. This leadership structure poses some opportunities for the prosperity of this firm in the market. I n this firm, Biswas (2011, p. 105) says, Branson has created an environment where every employee feels aggressive and determined to achieve better results each time. Branson has created an organisational culture where employees feel obliged to work even for extra time in order to reach for a specific target. Although the extra time worked would always be paid, the employees always have a stronger desire to see success in whatever they are doing, than to earn the extra income. They consider their work as of utmost importance, and thus would give it all the concentration that they possibly can (Pielstick 2005, p. 104). The result of this concerted effort is clearly evident in the kind of growth this firm has achieved. Employees of this firm remain the stronghold that has seen it through to its current glorious position. With Richard Branson still at the head of this firm, Virgin Group is destined to greater heights as the future is very bright. It is important to appreciate that this leadership theory has some weaknesses. One of the main weaknesses is that it assumes that every single employee would respond positively to the motivational factors directed to him or her. For this reason, this leadership strategy should be used alongside other theories as identified in the appendix shown below. Employees must realise that they are responsible for their acts of omission or commission, and that they are expected to deliver on their assignments. Similarly, this leadership strategy is prone to some threats in the environment. The theory emphasises the need to give employees some form of freedom within the firm, and that the information should always flow smoothly from the top office to the junior employees. However, some employees can be moles of competing firms. Giving them this freedom and allowing information to flow freely will be like allowing the competitors to have an easy way of accessing classified information about the firm. This may make it vulnerable to its competitors. Conclusion and Recommendations It is apparent from the above discussion that transformational leadership is very important in the current society in helping firms manage the market forces. The Virgin Group has been successful in the market because its management has embraced transformational leadership. This management has come to appreciate the power of having a team of motivated employees. For this reason, it has always focused on ensuring that employees remain motivated while working for this firm. The management has ensured that these employees are made to feel that they own Virgin Group rather than being employees of this firm. It is only through this that firms in the current competitive market can be successful. The management should be conscious of various forces in the environment which have a direct impact on the firm. These factors should be managed properly in order to ensure that they do not have negative consequences for the firm. In order to realise this , the following recommendations should be observed. The management should always ensure that its employees remain positively motivated within the firm. The leadership of the firm should always try to ensure that it embraces dynamism in line with the changing environmental factors. There should be a clear communication system within the organisation between the management and junior officers, among the employees and within the management. Every member of the organisation should understand his or her role within the firm and how this role is related to the role of other members of the firm. Appendix House’s Path Goal Theory According to Rollinson (2005, p. 79), â€Å"This theory has its basis on the premise that employees’ perception of expectancies between his effort and performance is heavily influenced by leader’s behavior.† According to this theory, four leadership styles are important in ensuring success within an organisation. The four include dire ctive nature of the leader, supportive leadership, participative leadership and result-oriented leadership. These behavioural leadership characteristics will influence employee behavioor and manage environmental factors in order to achieve leadership effectiveness. List of References Artur, J 2008, Effects of human resource systems on manufacturing performance and turnover, The academy of management journal, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 670-687. Barney, J 2010, Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of management, vol. 17, no.1, pp. 99. Baruch, Y 2008, Response rate in academic studies-A comparative analysis, Human relations, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 421-438. Biswas, S 2011, Commitment, involvement, and satisfaction as predictors of employee performance, South Asian Journal of Management, vol. 18 no. 2, pp. 92-107. Budhwar, P 2006, Rethinking comparative and cross-national human resource management research, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 497-515. Burns, J 2009, Leadership in the Contemporary World, Harper Row, New York. Bustin, G 2004, Take Charge: How Leaders Profit From Change, Tapestry Press, Irving. Conger, J 2006, The Practice of Leadership: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders, Wiley, New York. Cutcher, G 2007, Impact on Economic Performance of a Transformation in Workplace Relations, Management Journal, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 241. Fey, C 2012, The effect of human resource management practices on MNC subsidiary performance in Russia, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 59-75. Guesa, E 2010, Human resource management and industrial relations, Journal of management Studies, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 503-521. Hacker, S Tammy, R 2004, Transformational Leadership: Creating Organization of Meaning. Milwaukee, Quality Press, Wisconsin. Jensen, T 2011, The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance, Academy of management j ournal, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 635-672. Kouzes, J Posner, B 2006, The Leadership Challenge, Jossey-Bass, San Fransico. Marchington, M 2012, Involvement and participation, Human Resource Management: A Critical Text, vol. 7, no. 67, pp. 280-305. Northouse, P 2010, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Sage, New York. Pardey, D 2007, Introducing leadership, Butterworth-Heinemann, New Jersey. Pielstick, D 2005, The Transforming Leader, a Meta-Ethnographic Analysis, The Community College Review, vol. 4 no. 3, pp. 65-138. Rollinson, D 2005, Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An Integrated Approach, Pitman, London. Yukl, G 2010, Leadership in Organisations, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Three Ways Social Shares Can Mean More Money For Writers

Three Ways Social Shares Can Mean More Money For Writers The statistical value of your work published online (social shares) matters more than ever. Pay attention to how your articles are socially redistributed, shared, and liked. Shivani Sharma, CEO of Firefly Creative Inc. stated in a  Software Advice  article for tech-savvy marketers and business owners  that businesses should look for  freelance writers who know how to write content  that engages the target audience. What does this mean for you as a freelancer? It means its time you leveraged those social shares, or the impact, of your articles to increase your future income. To get started, learn how to collect your social shares data: 1. Use spreadsheets Excel or Google Docs should work fine. In your spreadsheet, list your published articles in the first column, then assign a column for each social media share option, i.e. Facebook shares, likes, Twitter shares, LinkedIn likes, blog comments, Google + shares, and other platforms that show on the share buttons of the site youve published on. Update this document at least monthly. 2. Use Contently.com This free platform for writers can help you showcase a collection of your Now that you have your data, use the data to increase your income: 1. Ask for a raise from current clients Asking for a rate increase carries the risk of losing a client, but now that you have data to back up your demand, you can prove how your articles helped their site and more importantly, their business. For this particular purpose, you could track the articles youve written for that clients site alone and show how your influence becomes theirs. 2. Justify (or negotiate) your rates with potential clients Potential clients will haggle for lower rates. Next time you negotiate your rate, use your social shares data to show the impact of your work on websites and businesses youve already written for. You have the numbers to show your value, proof of what you accomplished for other websites which reflects on what you can do for the potential client. Show them youre a business investment instead of just a writing expense. 3. Attract better paying clients Lastly, use data to analyze which articles did well and why. Review the ones receiving the most engagement. What words did you use in your headline? Did you share personal stories or interview experts? Was the topic unique or controversial? Then pitch a guest post to medium or big sites, writing the post with the same style and tone you used in your most engaging articles. Just remember to follow the guidelines of the site youre guest posting on. The types of post that receive the most shares are almost the same as reported With social sharing we see the effect our words have on readers and use it to improve our craft. But it can also be our means to earning more income.

Network Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Network Analysis - Research Paper Example A machine consumes a power of 10 kW and a reactive power of 4 kvar at a current of (6 + j4)A. Determine the applied voltage, expressing your answer in complex form. Solution: Here as given, Average Power, P = 10 kW, Reactive Power, Q = 4 kvar, Current I = (6+j4) A Let S be the Apparent Power then we know that, Apparent Power S = Re{VI*} - Im{VI*} S = P - jQ, substituting the values of P & Q S = 10 10 ³ - j4 10 ³ S = (10 –j4) 10 ³ †¦. Eq. Since S = VI*... Eq. 2(2) Where V is the applied voltage and I* is the conjugate of I. As we know that if z = a + jb is a complex number then z* = a – jb Therefore, I* = 6 - j4 Now equating Eq. 1(2) & 2(2) and substituting the value of I* we have, V (6 - j4) = (10 – j4) 10 ³ V = (10 – j4) 10 ³/ (6 - j4) After rationalizing, V = (6 + j4)(10 – j4) 10 ³/ (6 ² + 4 ²) V = (76 + j16) 10 ³/ 52 V = (1.46 + j0.30) 10 ³ Network 5 Hence, V = 1.46 10 + j300 †¦. Eq. 3(2)Which is the applied voltage expressed in complex form. Solution: 3(a) Let is the applied voltage & be the resulting current through the given circuit then for complex impedance circuit is given as, = Expj †¦. Eq. 1(a3) Where . Let be the phase difference between voltage and current than current = Expj( + †¦. Eq. 2(a3) Since impedance in time domain is defined as, = †¦. Eq. 3(a3) From equations 1(a) & 2(a) we have, = as R=1 (given) = Or in polar form, †¦. Eq. 4(a3) Multiplying by 1 /to yield effective value we have, Z= or Z= 0.707†¦. Eq. 5(a3) Equation 5(a). is the required impedance in polar form. admittance is the reciprocal of impedance so, if Y is admittance then Y = 1/Z†¦. Eq.1(b3)... admittance Y=1/Z, or, Yeq=1/Zeq 1/Zeq=Yeq From Eq. 1(b1) Hence, Yeq=1/R+j(C -1/L) . Eq. 2(b1) Equation 2(b) gives the expression of admittance for RLC parallel circuit impedance. Network 4 2. A machine consumes a power of 10 kW and a reactive power of 4 kvar at a current of (6 + j4)A. Determine the applied voltage, expressing your answer in complex form. Solution: Here as given, Average Power, P = 10 kW, Reactive Power, Q = 4 kvar, Current I = (6+j4) A Let S be the Apparent Power then we know that, Apparent Power S = Re{VI*} - Im{VI*} S = P - jQ, substituting the values of P & Q S = 1010 - j410 S = (10 -j4) 10 . Eq. 1(2) Since S = VI* . Eq. 2(2) Where V is the applied voltage and I* is the conjugate of I. As we know that if z = a + jb is a complex number then z* = a - jb Therefore, I* = 6 - j4 Now equating Eq. 1(2) & 2(2) and substituting the value of I* we have, V (6 - j4) = (10 - j4) 10 V = (10 - j4) 10/ (6 - j4) After rationalizing, V = (6 + j4)(10 - j4) 10/ (6 + 4) V = (76 + j16) 10/ 52 V = (1.46 + j0.30) 10 Network 5 Hence, V = 1.4610 + j300 . Eq. 3(2) Which is the applied voltage expressed in complex form. Solution: 3(a) Let is the applied voltage & be the resulting current through the given circuit then for complex impedance circuit is given as, = Expj . Eq. 1(a3) Where. Let be the phase difference between voltage and current then

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East Asiatic Company Nutrition - Essay Example It is hoped that EAC will continue to grow and expand its business in the world markets in coming years. Economics of the infant nutrition industry means what are the financial considerations or economically significant aspects of the industry? The nutrition business mainly centers around the production and sale of milk powder and other products for newborn and growing children under the various brand names. The recent economic recession requiring an increase in the commodity prices because of rising cost of raw material has decreased the sale of EAC Nutrition in Thailand and Malaysia. There has been a decrease in the stock price on account of the investor’s lack of trust in the Asian economy and fear of neck-throat competition. Thanks to the successful restructuring of the company, the share price has increased during June 1998 in 2002.The management is making all-out efforts to further enhance stock price and to rebuild the confidence of stockholders in the company. A dynamic growth strategy ensuring that EAC would continue to grow and expand in the years to come is being chalk ed out. A new management team took over in 1998 and restored financial strength by shifting money from underperforming business units to viable units. As a result, business units amounting to over US $ 1.4bn (DKK 12bn) in annual sales and the US $36.4 million (DKK 300 million) in annual losses were profitably divested. In (2001) 25% of group sales were contributed by EAC nutrition and 34% of group operating profit with an EBIT margin between 8 to 10% were also given. Driven by the increase in GDP growth in many countries especially China, Singapore and India, the domestic market capacity for high-quality dairy products will go on escalating leading to higher demand of dairy products especially infant milk for large-scale production or joint ventures in collaboration with a local businessman.

International Finance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Finance Management - Essay Example Some of the factors that cause political instability include government interference, violence, and terrorism and guerilla groups. According to Schmidt (1986) he defines political risk as applications by the host country's government that constrains the operation of an investment. He subdivided political risks into three different risks: Investors therefore always consider these factors before investing in a foreign country, a country with a history of persistent political instability will be avoided or if they feel that there is a possibility of occurrence of political instability. An investor will consider the risk of business exposure in a foreign country; the investor may fear that there will be the risk of exposing the operations of a business in a foreign country which will lead to competition from other firms in the host country. When skilled labor is available in a foreign country then the investor will invest in that country. The investor may be forced to train workers in the host country who may expose the operations of the firm leading to competition in that country. In some other countries there will be the availability of cheap labor which will encourage investors to invest in that country, in some countries labor may be very expensive and the investor is not allowed to import laborers, this may be because the government of the host country has sets these conditions. Another factor to be considered before deciding on where to invest is the stability of a currency of a country, if a currency fluctuates against the major currency by a large range then it wouldn't be a good to invest in that country. For a firm to invest in foreign country it has to convert their capital currency into the currency of the host country, incase that countries currency devalues against their own currency then they will loose a lot of money. B. Infrastructure: Good support infrastructure such as good transport network and communication will be an advantage to an investor such that if such support infrastructure exist the higher the possibility that there will be foreign direct investment in a country. Foreign investors also fear that they may invest in foreign countries and loose a lot of money if they decide to close down their operations, an example is where a firm may invest much on infrastructure such as land and buildings and heavy machinery that may be difficult to liquidate once they want to close down their investment in the foreign country. Due to the fact that these assets cannot be moved from one country to another the investor looses. In conclusion we can say that political instability will cause a firm to not to invest in country, the firm will also consider the risk associated with exposure of the operations of the firm in the foreign country, the firm will not invest in country where it is required to hire laborers from the host country and train them for the operations of the firm. Most foreign investors prefer to employ laborers from their own country but this faced with conditions set by host countries

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RBA Decrease Rates for Christmas - Essay Example The economy is made up of various components and each and every single component affects the economy differently. In the explanation and analysis of the â€Å"RBA Decrease Rates for Christmas† article, a number of economic components are considered. These components aid intensive analysis of the article based on the context of actions taken by the RBA, Central Bank and the economic responses experienced in the financial markets and the economy at large. Aggregate demand and supply plays a central role in the economy, determining the overall level of performance of the economy1. Unemployment and inflation are key determinants of the direction that the economy takes and they both affect decisions made within the economic context. Monetary policy on the other hand is undertaken by the Central Bank as a measure to manage the economy alongside fiscal policy. The two measures are crucial in managing currency trends that further determine the level of inflation in the economy. Analys is in the Context of Economic Concepts/Theories Aggregate demand and Supply The economic model is made of different sectors and industries. Each constituent sector or industry contributes towards the overall welfare of the economy. Aggregate demand and supply denotes the entire economy’s output. ... Aggregate demand brings on board total spending in the economy. The different levels of spending in the economy are made up of consumption, investment, government purchases and net exports3. The aggregate supply curve comprises of an inflationary and a non-inflationary region. This factor provides a basic principle for the required analysis in this paper. Different factors affect both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. However the interaction of the two is critical to any given analysis in the economy. National output can be either nominal or real, depending on the price base used in their computation. Where more stable prices are used to compute national output given an identified base year, real national output is computed. On the other hand, where current prices are used, nominal national output is computed. Real GDP is obtained when the aggregate demand and aggregate supply interact. On the same point, the resultant equilibrium results in the national inflation rate4. The fig ure below shows an aggregate demand-aggregate supply model: A number of factors affect both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Only the factors that are important to this analysis will be highlighted. Income, wealth, credit availability, government demand, investment and future expectations on inflation, income, wealth and interest rates causes the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right upon an increase in any of them. An increase in some other factors causes the aggregate demand curve to shift leftwards. These are: interest rates and taxation. On the other hand, a rightward shift is observed on the aggregate supply when prior investment,

Human resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human resources management - Essay Example This field is one that will continue to last for a long period of time until some other discipline is introduced by the management gurus which is considered better and more up to date than the human resources management ideology which is ruling the roost as of now. Within the management concerns, the need is to understand how management and leadership play their dire roles within the making up of the human resources management function that individuals know of. This is the reason why management and leadership tenets are being appreciated by people because they bring in a sense of empathy with how things are carved out and how these will continue to be in the coming times. The management understanding is based on the premise that employees will be led by someone who knows how to take care of the people working under him and how they will relate with one another on an organizational level. How management turns out to be the savior for organizations today is a point that needs much atte ntion (Rees 2001). This is because organizations know that if the management concerns are paying heed to the likes and dislikes of its employees whilst at the same time concentrating on manifesting its own role, then perhaps it is doing something worthwhile. However, this needs patience on the part of the organization which is doing its best to bring about a change for the better of all and sundry. The ideology behind it is to bring a change which will instill a new direction and a sense of purpose which was felt missing from the related ranks. Similarly, leadership is of dire value because it asks of the employees to be commanded by a leader that has his own will, direction, and authority. It gives him the room to maneuver how he wants to see things through and basically to lead people through his meticulous ways. The leaders always find it hard in the beginning to bring drastic changes but with the passage of time and perseverance, they are able to bring the amendments that they h ad already planned for in the past, as far as organizational requirements and tasks were concerned. Leadership is also an interesting topic because it touches upon areas of significance, gives the employees something to think about and basically makes everyone within the organization something to derive learning from (Hopkins 1998). A good leader allows his team to grow and develop with the passage of time, and with this professional growth and development is just a part and parcel as there are many other dimensions that are readily paid heed within the thick of things. Hence leadership that knows how to instill a sense of pride within the employees’ realms is indeed the leadership that knows how to make do with things that are available at its disposal. When it comes to recruitment measures, human resources management’s role is well cut out. What this implies is the need to comprehend that human resources management considers recruitment as one of the most significant aspects of its institution (Boxall 2007). It suggests for the amendments that are required on its part. What is more important is the fact that the human resources management department knows beforehand that all recruitment and selection entities will be covered by the lengths and breadths of this unit. If this happens on a consistent basis, there will be room for improvement as and when required and minor changes will be the order of the day.

RBA Decrease Rates for Christmas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

RBA Decrease Rates for Christmas - Essay Example The economy is made up of various components and each and every single component affects the economy differently. In the explanation and analysis of the â€Å"RBA Decrease Rates for Christmas† article, a number of economic components are considered. These components aid intensive analysis of the article based on the context of actions taken by the RBA, Central Bank and the economic responses experienced in the financial markets and the economy at large. Aggregate demand and supply plays a central role in the economy, determining the overall level of performance of the economy1. Unemployment and inflation are key determinants of the direction that the economy takes and they both affect decisions made within the economic context. Monetary policy on the other hand is undertaken by the Central Bank as a measure to manage the economy alongside fiscal policy. The two measures are crucial in managing currency trends that further determine the level of inflation in the economy. Analys is in the Context of Economic Concepts/Theories Aggregate demand and Supply The economic model is made of different sectors and industries. Each constituent sector or industry contributes towards the overall welfare of the economy. Aggregate demand and supply denotes the entire economy’s output. ... Aggregate demand brings on board total spending in the economy. The different levels of spending in the economy are made up of consumption, investment, government purchases and net exports3. The aggregate supply curve comprises of an inflationary and a non-inflationary region. This factor provides a basic principle for the required analysis in this paper. Different factors affect both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. However the interaction of the two is critical to any given analysis in the economy. National output can be either nominal or real, depending on the price base used in their computation. Where more stable prices are used to compute national output given an identified base year, real national output is computed. On the other hand, where current prices are used, nominal national output is computed. Real GDP is obtained when the aggregate demand and aggregate supply interact. On the same point, the resultant equilibrium results in the national inflation rate4. The fig ure below shows an aggregate demand-aggregate supply model: A number of factors affect both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Only the factors that are important to this analysis will be highlighted. Income, wealth, credit availability, government demand, investment and future expectations on inflation, income, wealth and interest rates causes the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right upon an increase in any of them. An increase in some other factors causes the aggregate demand curve to shift leftwards. These are: interest rates and taxation. On the other hand, a rightward shift is observed on the aggregate supply when prior investment,

The Plama Membrane Essay Example for Free

The Plama Membrane Essay The plasma membrane exists in all living things for the simple reason that it serves vital functions without which the cell cannot survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plasma membrane is composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer which is made up of hydrophobic lipid â€Å"tails† that point inwards and hydrophilic phosphate â€Å"heads† that are positioned so that one layer is in contact with the extracellular fluid and the other with the cytosol. The membrane may thus be thought of as the cells â€Å"skin† enclosing and protecting the organelles and the nucleus. The cell (and its components) however, is not cut off from its environment because the plasma membrane is semipermeable, allowing specific substances necessary for the normal functioning of the cell to pass through. Also, embedded in the bilayer are proteins that assist the passage of substances that normally would not be able to pass through by simple diffusion. A good example would be the sodium-potassium pump (Krogh, 2003) which is responsible for the active transport of these ions. Both potassium and sodium need to move up their concentration gradients (into and out of the cell, respectively) and since both are ions that would be difficult to transport through the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer, such transport needs to be facilitated by the use of proteins that will serve as channels through which these ions can pass through. This therefore illustrates as well the regulatory functions of the plasma membrane in that it allows transport into and out of the cell in a selective manner (Postlethwait Hopson, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Proteins that lie on the surface of the plasma membrane also serve a role in facilitating communication between the cell and its environment, including other cells. Lymphocytes (white blood cells) for example, differentiate foreign cells from that of the body by recognizing antigens, surface-bound proteins that serve as identification for the lymphocyte to know whether the other cell is an invader that needs to be eliminated (Postlethwait Hopson, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, the plasma membrane serves critical roles in cellular function, not just in THE PLASMA MEMBRANE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Page # 2 protecting the cell but as well as in transport, regulation and communication, and since, as Krogh (2003) has stated, â€Å"all life is made of cells†, it follows that life simply is not possible without the plasma membrane. References: Krogh, D. (2003). Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, 3rd ed. Companion Website. Retrieved Dec. 31, 2007, from http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_krogh_biology_3/ Postlethwait, J. H., Hopson, J. L. (2006). Modern Biology.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

The Electric Power Consumption

The Electric Power Consumption In parallel with swift economic growth, energy demand and consumption grow at a faster rate. Like other countries, Malaysia heavily relies upon fossil fuels as their primary energy source in generating electricity. At production level in 2005, it is proven that oil reserves in Malaysia are expected to last another 19 years while natural gas reserves are expected to last for about 33 years (Apec energy demand,). Hence, a crucial move needs to be done to diverse energy source in order to delay the energy depletion as well as to meet the current energy demand. Referring to Figure 1.1, Malaysiaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s primary energy demand is projected grow at an annual rate of 3.5 percent, to reach 146.7Mtoe in 2030, a 2.6-fold increase from 2002. Energy demand continues to rise in order to meet the rising electricity demand (Apec energy demand,). In addition, combustion of fossil fuel in electricity generation contributes significantly to air pollution as it emits greenhouse gases which lead to global warming. Referring to Figure 1.2, electric power consumption (kWh per Capita) in Malaysia was reported at about 800 in 1985, at 3428 in 2008 and finally risen up to 3613.53 in 2009 (Electric power consumption, ). This also indicates that the rate of GHGs emission rises over years. Some renewable energy sources such as solar energy, hydropower and biomass are promising alternative energy sources in reducing the dependency of fossil fuel and to diversify energy sources, as well as to reduce pollution to the environment. The future success of bioenergy developments in Malaysia depend on many factors, such as the policy framework conditions, the availability of suitable and high efficient conversion technologies, the long term and cost effective biomass fuels supply security, and the impacts on environmental and social issues. Malaysia is a tropical country and the climate is providing an excellent environment for biomass production. Also, Malaysia is known as one of the leading producers of paddy and is endowed with abundance of agricultural biomass resources. Bioenergy is the most important renewable energy in use today. The demand for biomass as energy source will inevitably increase over time, putting pressure on fuel supply security and associated topics. If sustainability requirements do not receive the necessary consideration, this pressure might affect pricing for agricultural products and food security supply aspects too. For this reason, the use of agricultural residues as energy sources offers a promising opportunity to promote the future development of bioenergy utilisation. Since using agricultural residues as energy sources will not interfere with food security, such fuels will meet the requirements for a future sustainable based energy supply. Problem Statement Normally, paddy cultivation leaves a huge amount of paddy waste such as paddy straws and paddy husks. Although there are a few methods in reusing paddy straws, such as animal feed, cooking fuel, a significant amount of paddy straw remains unused and in order to get rid of the paddy waste, open burning of paddy waste is the most common way, contributing environmental and safety issues, such as air pollution and fire disaster. However, paddy waste is a very useful organic material in producing biogas through anaerobic digestion, thus providing an alternative use and mitigating the pollution problems. In order to utilise biogas produced by paddy waste, conversion techniques have to be technically efficient, economically competitive and environmentally friendly. Biogas and its Potential of Paddy Waste Biogas is generated by the digestion of biodegradable organic wastes in the absence of oxygen, so called anaerobic process. A range of organic wastes can be used as raw materials for the production of biogas; they are agricultural wastes, animal manure, sewage sludge and many more. The major component of biogas, which is methane, is nowadays considered as one of the most important source of energy for heating and electricity generation as well as vehicle fuel. Aims and Objectives As a whole, the aim of this project is to study the production and utilisation of biogas from paddy waste. Several specific objectives are listed as follows: To review current status of energy demand and consumption in Malaysia. To understand the technologies available for biomass power plant, develop and incorporate a concept of sustainable process in the current technologies. To determine process equipments sequence and create process flow diagram. To perform process mass balances through the simulation of the entire system. To access safety and health factors in designing and minimise impacts to the environment. To consider other factors for a successful and sustainable system and operation.

Isolation in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- English Literature M

Isolation in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein, has several themes imbedded in the text. One major theme is of isolation. Many of the characters experience some time of isolation. The decisions and actions of some of these characters are the root cause of their isolation. They make choices that isolate themselves from everyone else. However, other characters are forced into isolation for reasons that are not in their control. The actions of another cause them to experience loneliness. The story begins with Robert Walton writing to his sister, Margaret, about his voyage to an undiscovered place. In these letters, as the voyage gets underway, he writes of his loneliness. Letter II states, ?I have no friend (Hunter 16; ch 1). He describes how his ?enthusiasm of success? will be experienced alone and also how he must suffer his disappointments alone. He states, ?I desire the company of a man? (Hunter 10; ch. 1 ). In another letter, Walton is telling his sister about a conversation he had with Frankenstein about friendship. Frankenstein tells Walton, ?I once had a friend (Hunter 16? ch. 1), implying that he no longer has any friends. Isolation is evident from the very beginning. Robert Walton chooses his isolation. He chooses to take this voyage. Walton has planned this trip for six years. He states in his first letter, ?I am required not only to raise the spirits of others, but sometimes to sustain my own (Hunter 9; ch. 1). He understands exactly what he is getting into and he chooses to continue anyway. George Levine states in his critical essay, ?Frankenstein and the Tradition of Realism,? that Walton is ?isolated from the rest of mankind by his ambition (... ...t is to come before he forces himself and his crew to experience this isolation and eventual death. Bibliography Hunter, J. Paul. ed. Frankenstein: Contexts, nineteenth century responses, criticism. By Mary Shelley. Norton Critical Edition. New York: New York. 1996. Levine, George. ?Frankenstein and the Tradition of Realism?. A Forum on Fiction, Vol. 7, no. 1 (1973): 17-23. Rpt. in Frankenstein: Contexts, nineteenth century responses, criticism. By Mary Shelley. Ed. J. Paul Hunter. Norton Critical Edition. New York: New York. 1996. 208-14. Poovey, Mary. ?My Hideous Progeny: The Lady And the Monster.? The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer. Chicago: U of Chicago P. (1984): 121-31. Rpt. in Frankenstein: Contexts, nineteenth century responses, criticism. By Mary Shelley. Ed. J. Paul Hunter. Norton Critical Edition. New York: New York. 1996. 251-61.

Marco Polo :: Biographies Biographical Essays

Marco Polo is one of the most well-known heroic travelers and traders around the world. In my paper I will discuss with you Marco Polo's life, his travels, and his visit to China to see the great Khan. Marco Polo was born in c.1254 in Venice. He was a Venetian explorer and merchant whose account of his travels in Asia was the primary source for the European image of the Far East until the late 19th century. Marco's father, Niccolà ¹, and his uncle Maffeo had traveled to China (1260-69) as merchants. When they left (1271) Venice to return to China, they were accompanied by 17-year-old Marco and two priests. Early Life Despite his enduring fame, very little was known about the personal life of Marco Polo. It is known that he was born into a leading Venetian family of merchants. He also lived during a propitious time in world history, when the height of Venice's influence as a city-state coincided with the greatest extent of Mongol conquest of Asia(Li Man Kin 9). Ruled by Kublai Khan, the Mongol Empire stretched all the way from China to Russia and the Levant. The Mongol hordes also threatened other parts of Europe, particularly Poland and Hungary, inspiring fear everywhere by their bloodthirsty advances. Yet the ruthless methods brought a measure of stability to the lands they controlled, opening up trade routes such as the famous Silk Road. Eventually,the Mongols discovered that it was more profitable to collect tribute from people than to kill them outright, and this policy too stimulated trade(Hull 23). Into this favorable atmosphere a number of European traders ventured, including the family of Marco Polo. The Polos had long- established ties in the Levant and around the Black Sea: for example, they owned property in onstantinople, and Marco's uncle, for whom he was named, had a home in Sudak in the Crimea(Rugoff 8). From Sudak, around 1260, another uncle, Maffeo, and Marco's father, Niccolà ¹, made a trading visit into Mongol territory, the land of the Golden Horde(Russia), ruled by Berke Khan. While they were there, a war broke out between Berke and the Cowan of Levant, blocking their return home. Thus Niccolà ¹ and Maffeo traveled deeper into mongol territory, moving southeast to Bukhara, which was ruled by a third Cowan. While waiting there, they met an emissary traveling farther eastward who invited them to accompany him to the court of the great Cowan, Kublai, in Cathay(modern China). In Cathay, Kublai Khan gave the Polos a friendly reception, appointed them his emissaries to the pope, and ensured their safe travel back to Europe(Steffof 10).

Comparison of two Egyptian Sculpture Relief Depicting

Comparison of two Egyptian Sculpture Relief Depicting a Man Inspecting His Stables; Ships Unloading Merchandise and Relief Block, Plucking and Roasting Fowl, Herds Crossing Water By shackles Comparison of two Egyptian Sculpture Relief Depicting a Man Inspecting His Stables; Ships Unloading Merchandise and Relief Block, Plucking and Roasting Fowl, Herds Crossing Water In Egyptian art, the greatest achievements are tomb relief, huge number of tomb relief shows the people who were rich enough at that period want to bring their rich and glory even after they dead.The Early royal relief are somewhat too idealism on the figures, heir figures on the tomb relief are usually rough on the surface. However, the technique of making tomb relief developed extremely quickly starting from the 3rd Dynasty; the techniques were already extremely advanced, and styles are increasing a lot. Using the finely detailed decoration in the tomb relief are the tradition way. This kind of technique that shows the figures standing out slightly above the Egyptian period continued through the 6th-Dynasty and into the Middle Kingdom, especially using for royal monuments. Visual-arts-cork. Com) There are many characteristics that diddle kingdom and new kingdom have are clearly crucial and a little different from each other, including the details of the techniques, color and style. The Tomb Relief from late dynasty 18 and Relief from a tomb at E-Light are the two tomb relief which have some commons and differences; both of them are tomb relief and both of them are about the farming figure, there are some figures about people working in different sections and also a lot of animals on that too. The Egyptian art's function was twofold.Firstly, the function shows the god's glory and making the passage after-life more comfortable. Then, the function Europeanizes the information and the value of the Egyptian art. The life in Egypt was generally stable such as the cultural and life; even the arts, inclu ding their architecture and sculptures, also painting, metalwork, goldsmith and ceramics. (visual-arts-cork. Com) Most of the art works in Egypt have the characteristic which is ‘highly conservative adherence to traditional rules' (Neil Collins, visual-arts-cork. Mom), it had a good affection on focus on the order rather than creativity and artistic expression. (visual-arts-cork. Com) During The Middle Kingdom, with its capital at Thebes (2000-1786 B. C. ), was a brand new age of experiment and invention which grew out of the turbulence of the First Intermediate Period (2134-c. 2000 B. C. ). (encyclopedia. Com) Most of the forms of the Old Kingdom were retained; However, the traditional unity style was changed. The development of formalism was mixed with a meticulous delicacy of craftsmanship. Precancerous. Com) There were more from the artists' inside thought, most of them were successful in tomb relief or sculpture, like the rock-cut tombs at Ban Has are outstanding for free dom of draftsmanship, and the sensitive portraits of Stories Ill ND Amendment Ill were all extremely famous and successful in doing the Egyptian arts. (Precancerous. Com) Also, their figures are more idealism on the torso but realism on their head and face, the animals were set as a line organized. (encyclopedia. Mom) The Relief from a tomb at EL-Light is from the middle kingdom, it has found reused as a door sill that in a door of a later house by the modern cemetery near the pyramid, possibly from the tomb of Ankhs. Inside the picture, ancient Egyptian outdoor life is preserved clearly. Two men sit in a tent and preparing for a meal that the tomb when will later enjoy. The man on the right plucks the feathers of a large goose, and the other one on the left roasts a duck on a spit over a low fire that he brings to glow with a fan. The other birds, a bag, and two rolled-up sheets of cloth were hanged up from a line above.Then, on the bottom of the picture, a number of cattle have Ju st emerged from swampy water, and some water spilled because the herd is on its way to higher ground. (Wall texts from Mutest) From this tomb relief, the function is a traditional Egyptian tomb relief that is showing the daily life even including the errors' lives. It reflects the life at that period, even a tiny thing like preparing for a meal. Zoom in to the lines and the expression of the three- dimensional from, the technique the sculptor used is fine and smooth. These two men' figures are not naturalism; the pose and the arrangement of the figure are neat and orderly.Especially those animals, the cattle are all the same. Additionally, one symbolist thing is the pose that the man holding the ducks neck. This tomb relief is realism on the face and idealism in the torso, also extremely well done in some specific details. The New Kingdom's art (1570-1342 B. C. ) can be seen as the final development of the traditional classic Egyptian style of the Middle Kingdom, there is a combinat ion of the drive inspiration of the Middle Kingdom and the monumental forms of the Old Kingdom. This period's painting are famous because boldness of controlled vitality and boldness.Their sculpture usually emphasis on bulk, solidity and impersonality. In some single scenes, or the works on the wall from ceiling to the floor, each figure had its place properly and was not allow to overflow its space. Then en of the most table achievements of Egyptian craft men was the technique when they put human figure in a space, it seems to be cramped or overcrowded, but the they still take control of the whole picture's balance. (visual-arts-cork. Com) Then, The Tomb Relief from late dynasty 18 is a perfect example of this period.The pictures of this relief use the cattle that being force-fed while the tomb owner followed by several retainers on the right of the picture. In the bottom of the picture, ships unload their produce that is first heaped on shore then carried away by porters. This rel ief block almost certainly came from a tomb at Memphis. With an infusion odd liberating energy and ideas from Marin, private relief work flourished in Memphis in the post-Marin period and at that period, the wealthy people more like to let the figure on the tomb relief more naturalism. Wall texts from Mutest) This way that shows the life of workers is a terrific way which be used to show the multiple stages in a developing sequence of actions, rather than the frames of a strip cartoon because it is clearer. During the Old Kingdom, the agricultural is one of the most popular themes for most of the tomb relief. (visual-arts-cork. Mom) Also, the wall paintings during that period which shows plunging, sowing harvesting and threshing the grain are all symbolist faithfully represented.It shows the herdsmen working in the pastures taking care of the cattle so prized by the ancient Egyptians even other views depict the trapping of the waterfowl especially in the Nile marshes and fishing in the river itself. (visual-arts-cork. Com) Because of these views from daily life let the sculptors were able to use their initiative and let themselves feel free and explore a little of theirs imagination and retreat. When they show the dead man and his family, it had to be more presented in regular poses as a description: larger than life, strictly proportioned, and always calm and somewhat aloof, (visual-arts-cork. Mom) However, The rural workers on the estate could be shown at their daily lives in a relaxed way, something with lives or energetic can be usually captured, and that always have an outstanding characterized which can symbolize the ancient Egyptians. (visual-arts-cork. Com) While the offering-bearers, symbolizing the funerary gifts from the estates to their rod, are depicted moving towards him in formal and stately procession, the peasants at work in the fields seem both sturdy and vigorous. (visual-arts-cork. Mom) Look inside the tomb relief techniques, it clearly sho ws the details and the meaning of the whole story, every people have their own characteristic and different poses. Further, the tomb relief from here is becoming more three-dimensional. Even when we see these two tomb relief and find out they look remarkably similar from each other, they are all about the daily life in Egyptian, they all shows the real unusual smoothly techniques that people in that period have the highly developed skill of making the tomb relief. Using tomb relief is the good way to reflect their owner's life and the dynasty they were in.The relief from a tomb at EL-Light shows the owner's power and their wealthy life; the second Tomb Relief is a little different from the first one, it show about the owner wants to be more kind, they were not like to show their glory anymore; they more want to have a kind of feeling of realism, but the way they show is mostly idealism from the torso and the heads. The most preference is the level of the three-dimensional of the tom b relief, the middle kingdom seems there is a start of doing this, then it is getting more three- dimensional until the New kingdom.